1.2: Language of Anatomy, Anatomical Position and Body Cavities Flashcards by Larry Jones

DEFINE: Superior (Cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)

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Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)

Superior (cranial)

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DEFINE: Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)

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Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)

Inferior (caudal)

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DEFINE: Ventral (anterior)

Toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

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Toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

Ventral (anterior)

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DEFINE: Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body (behind)

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Toward or at the back of the body (behind)

Dorsal (posterior)

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DEFINE: Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

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Toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

Medial

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DEFINE: Lateral

Away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)

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Away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)

Lateral

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DEFINE: Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Intermediate

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DEFINE: Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Proximal

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DEFINE: Distal

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

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DEFINE: Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

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Toward or at the body surface

Superficial (external)

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DEFINE: Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface (more internal)

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Away from the body surface (more internal)

Deep (internal)

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Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Medial
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal

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Superior
Inferior
Cephalic
Caudal
Anterior
Posterior

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DEFINE: Flexion

Closing of a joint, “bending”

Flexion

DEFINE: Extension

Opening of a joint, “straightening”

Extension

DEFINE: Abduction

Movement away from midline

Abduction

DEFINE: Adduction

Movement towards midline

Adduction

DEFINE: Dorsiflexion

Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)

Dorsiflexion

DEFINE: Plantarflexion

Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)

Plantarflexion

DEFINE: Radial Deviation

Lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

Radial Deviation

DEFINE: Ulnar Deviation

Medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

Ulnar Deviation

DEFINE: Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally

Pronation

DEFINE: Supination

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially Note: Hands are supinated in anatomical position.

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially Note: Hands are in this position when in the anatomical position.

Supination

DEFINE: Elevation

Upward movement of a structure

Elevation

DEFINE: Depression

Downward movement of a structure

Depression

DEFINE: Retraction

Movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

Retraction

DEFINE: Protraction

Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

Protraction

This picture the elbow doing what kind of movement?

Flexion

This picture the elbow doing what kind of movement?

Extension

1. Adduction 2. Abduction 3. Left Femur

1. Radius 2. Ulna 3. Radial Deviation 4. Ulnar Deviation 5. Thumb of Right Hand

1. Left Scapula 2. Elevation 3. Depression

DEFINE: Anatomical position

Anatomical position is the reference point of a standard body position

Describe the anatomical position

In the anatomical position, the body is vertical with feet slightly apart. It looks like someone who is standing at attention. The palms of the hands face forward (in supination), and the thumbs point away from the body. The palms face forward in anatomical position so that the bones in the forearm (radius and ulna) are uncrossed.

Why is understanding the anatomical position important?

It is important because the directional terms used in anatomy and physiology refer to the body as though it is in this position.

The body can be divided into two regional terms:

1. Axial 2. Appendicular

The Axial part makes up what part(s) of the body?

The axial part makes up the axis of the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk

What is the name of the Region being highlighted in blue?

Axial

The Appendicular part of the body consists of what body part(s)?

The Appendicular part of the body consists of the appendages or limbs that are attached to the axis of the body as well as the pelvic and pectoral (shoulder) girdles that serve as a point of attachment.

What is the name of the Region being highlighted in blue?

Appendicular

The body can also be divided into Three sections, or planes. They are:

1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane 3. Transverse Plane

DEFINE: Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.

Sagittal Plane

DEFINE: Median/Midsagittal Plane

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is known as what?

Median/Midsagittal Plane

DEFINE: Frontal Plane(Coronal Plane)

Frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Which plane divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Frontal Plane(Coronal Plane)

DEFINE: Transverse Plane(Horizontal Plane)

A plane that runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. A transverse section of the body is called a cross section. Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.

Transverse Plane(Horizontal Plane)

What are Oblique Sections in regards to the Transverse Plane?

Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.

1. Sagittal Plane(Median/Midsagittal) 2. Frontal Plane(Coronal) 3. Transverse Plane(Horizontal)

Anatomy and physiology also describe two set of body cavities known as what?

1. Dorsal 2. Ventral

The ______ cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile.

Dorsal Cavity

1. Cranial Cavity 2. Dorsal Cavity 3. Spinal Cavity 4. Pelvic Cavity 5. Thoracic Cavity 6. Ventral Cavity 7. Abdominal Cavity 8. Abdominopelvic Cavity

Within the dorsal cavity are the ___1___ cavity and ___2___ cavity.

1. Cranial 2. Spinal

The ______ cavity sits in the skull and houses the brain

Cranial Cavity

The ______ cavity runs within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.

Vertebral/Spinal cavity

True or False: The spinal cord is NOT a continuation of the brain

False

True or False: The spinal cord is a continuation of the brain

True

True or False: The cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other, without any separation

True

True or False: The cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other, with minor separations along the way

False

The ______ cavity is anterior and the larger than the Dorsal Cavity.

Ventral Body Cavity

Within the ventral cavity are the ___1___cavity and ___2___ cavity.

1. Thoracic Cavity 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

The Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity are located inside the larger ______ Cavity.

Ventral Cavity

The ventral cavity houses the ______ organs.

Visceral Organs

The Visceral Organs are housed inside the ______ Cavity.

Ventral Cavity

The Thoracic cavity is protected by the ___1___ and ___2___ found within the chest.

1. Ribs 2. Muscles

The ______ cavity is protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest

Thoracic Cavity

The ___1___ cavity is further divided into the lateral ___2___ cavities, which each contain a ___3___, and the ___4___ cavity, which surrounds the ___5___.

1. Thoracic Cavity 2. Pleural Cavities 3. Lung 4. Pericardial Cavity 5. Heart

The ______ cavity also encloses the thoracic organs, which are the esophagus and trachea.

Pericardial Cavity

The pericardial cavity also encloses the thoracic organs, which are the ___1___ and ___2___.

1. Esophagus 2. Trachea

The ______ cavity is located in the mediastinum which is a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities.

Pericardial Cavity

The pericardial cavity is located in the ___1___ which is a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities.

Mediastinum

The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the ______.

Diaphragm

The ______ is a dome shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism

Diaphragm

The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the ___1___ cavity and ___2___ cavity.

1. Abdominal 2. Pelvic

The superior portion of the Abdominopelvic Cavity is the ______ cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.

Abdominal Cavity

The superior portion of the Abdominopelvic Cavity is the Abdominal cavity that houses the ___1___, ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___.

1. Stomach 2. Intestines 3. Spleen 4. Liver

The ______ cavity lies in the bony pelvis and houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum.

Pelvic Cavity

The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and houses the ___1___, ___2___, and the ___3___.

1. Bladder 2. Reproductive Organs 3. Rectum

The walls of the ventral body cavity as well as the outer surface of the organs are covered by a serous membrane called the______.

Serosa

The serosa is lubricated by ______ fluid that is secreted by the membrane itself.

Serous

The Serous fluid reduces the ______ between the organs as they slide around.

Friction

True or False : The Serous membranes are named for the specific cavity they line as well as the organs they line and cover.

True

The parietal pericardium is a Serous Membrane that lines the ___1___ and the ___2___, which covers the heart.

1. Pericardial Cavity 2. Visceral Pericardium

The ______ is a Serous Membrane that covers the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart.

parietal pericardium

The parietal pericardium is a ______ that covers the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart.

Serous Membrane

The ______ line the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs.

parietal pleurae

The parietal pleurae is a Serous Membrane that lines the walls of the ___1___, and the ___2___ cover the lungs.

1. thoracic cavity 2. visceral pleurae

The ______ is a Serous Membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs.

parietal pleurae

The ___1___ covers the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the ___2___ covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.

1. parietal peritoneum 2. visceral peritoneum

The parietal peritoneum covers the walls of the ___1___, and the visceral peritoneum covers most of the ___2___ within the ___3___.

1. abdominopelvic cavity 2. Organs 3. abdominopelvic cavity

The parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum are both examples of what kind of membrane?

Serous Membrane

When the serous membranes are inflamed, they become rough instead of smooth, and the organs will now stick together as they try to slide past one another. This causes great pain in patients. An example of this inflammation is ______, which is an inflammation of the pleurae.

Pleurisy

An example of inflammation of a Serous Membrane is ___1___, which is an inflammation of the ___2___.

1. Pleurisy 2. Pleurae

What is Pleurisy?

Inflammation of the Pleurae

What is it called when the Pleurae is inflammed?

Pleurisy

1. Right Hypocondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left Hypocondriac 4. Right Lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left Lumbar 7. Right Hypogastric 8. Hypgastric 9. Left Hypogastric

The ______ region can be divided into a right-upper quadrant, left-upper quadrant, right-lower quadrant, and left-lower quadrant.

abdominopelvic

In regards to the Abdominopelvic Regions, the ___1___ region surrounds the navel. The ___2___ region is above or superior to the umbilical region. The ___3___ region is located below, or inferior to, the umbilical region. The ___4___ regions, are located beside or lateral to the hypogastric region. The iliac is the superior part of the pelvic bone. The ___5___ regions lie beside or lateral to the umbilical region. The ___6___ regions lie lateral to the epigastric region.

1. umbilical 2. epigastric 3. hypogastric 4. Right & Left hypogastric(Iliac) 5. right & left lumbar 6. right & left hypochondriac

The ______ cavity contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue.

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity contains the ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.

1. Mouth 2. Teeth 3. Tongue

The ______ cavity is continuous with the digestive cavity and extends all the way to the anus.

Oral Cavity

The Oral cavity is continuous with the ___1___ cavity and extends all the way to the ___2___.

1. Digestive 2. Anus

The ______ cavity is located within and posterior to the nose and is part of the respiratory tract.

Nasal Cavity

The Nasal cavity is located ___1___ and ___2___ to the nose and is part of the ___3___ tract.

1. Within 2. Posterior 3. respiratory

1. Nasal Cavity 2. Oral Cavity 3. Epiglottis 4. Trachea

The ______ cavities in the skull house the eyes

Orbital Cavities

The orbital cavities in the skull house the ______

Eyes

The ______cavities are in the skull and lie medial to the eardrums.

Middle Ear Cavities

The middle ear cavities are in the ___1___ and lie medial to the ___2___.

1. Skull 2. Eardrums

The Middle Ear cavities contain tiny bones called the, the ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___ that transmit ___4___ vibrations to the hearing ___5___ in the inner ear

1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes 4. Sound 5. Receptors

1. Temporal Bone 2. Malleus (Hammer) 3. Incus (Anvil) 4. Stapes (Stirrup) 5. Tympanum 6. Outer Ear 7. Middle Ear 8. Inner Ear

The ______ cavities are the joint cavities.

Synovial Cavities

The synovial cavities are the ______.

Joint Cavities

The ______ Cavities are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body.

Synovial Cavities

The Synovial Cavities are enclosed within ___1___ that ___2___ freely movable joints of the body.

1. Fibrous Capsules 2. Surround

The ______ cavities make a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction as the bones move across one another

Synovial Cavities

These synovial cavities make a ___1___ that helps to reduce ___2___ as the bones move across one another.

1. Lubricating Fluid 2. Friction

1. Humerus 2. Articular Capsule 3. Radius 4. Ulna