1.2: Language of Anatomy, Anatomical Position and Body Cavities Flashcards
DEFINE: Superior (Cranial)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)
Superior (cranial)
DEFINE: Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)
Inferior (caudal)
DEFINE: Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body (in front of)
Toward or at the front of the body (in front of)
Ventral (anterior)
DEFINE: Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body (behind)
Toward or at the back of the body (behind)
Dorsal (posterior)
DEFINE: Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)
Toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)
Medial
DEFINE: Lateral
Away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)
Away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)
Lateral
DEFINE: Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
DEFINE: Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
DEFINE: Distal
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
DEFINE: Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
DEFINE: Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface (more internal)
Away from the body surface (more internal)
Deep (internal)
- Superior
- Inferior
- Lateral
- Medial
- Proximal
- Distal
- Proximal
- Distal
- Superior
- Inferior
- Cephalic
- Caudal
- Anterior
- Posterior
DEFINE: Flexion
Closing of a joint, “bending”
Closing of a joint, “bending”
Flexion
DEFINE: Extension
Opening of a joint, “straightening”
Opening of a joint, “straightening”
Extension
DEFINE: Abduction
Movement away from midline
Movement away from midline
Abduction
DEFINE: Adduction
Movement towards midline
Movement towards midline
Adduction
DEFINE: Dorsiflexion
Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)
Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)
Dorsiflexion
DEFINE: Plantarflexion
Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)
Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)
Plantarflexion
DEFINE: Radial Deviation
Lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
Lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
Radial Deviation
DEFINE: Ulnar Deviation
Medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
Medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
Ulnar Deviation
DEFINE: Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally
Pronation
DEFINE: Supination
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Note: Hands are supinated in anatomical position.
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Note: Hands are in this position when in the anatomical position.
Supination
DEFINE: Elevation
Upward movement of a structure
Upward movement of a structure
Elevation
DEFINE: Depression
Downward movement of a structure
Downward movement of a structure
Depression
DEFINE: Retraction
Movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Retraction
DEFINE: Protraction
Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
Protraction
This picture the elbow doing what kind of movement?
Flexion
This picture the elbow doing what kind of movement?
Extension
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Left Femur
- Radius
- Ulna
- Radial Deviation
- Ulnar Deviation
- Thumb of Right Hand
- Left Scapula
- Elevation
- Depression
DEFINE: Anatomical position
Anatomical position is the reference point of a standard body position
Describe the anatomical position
In the anatomical position, the body is vertical with feet slightly apart. It looks like someone who is standing at attention. The palms of the hands face forward (in supination), and the thumbs point away from the body. The palms face forward in anatomical position so that the bones in the forearm (radius and ulna) are uncrossed.
Why is understanding the anatomical position important?
It is important because the directional terms used in anatomy and physiology refer to the body as though it is in this position.
The body can be divided into two regional terms:
- Axial
- Appendicular
The Axial part makes up what part(s) of the body?
The axial part makes up the axis of the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk
What is the name of the Region being highlighted in blue?
Axial
The Appendicular part of the body consists of what body part(s)?
The Appendicular part of the body consists of the appendages or limbs that are attached to the axis of the body as well as the pelvic and pectoral (shoulder) girdles that serve as a point of attachment.
What is the name of the Region being highlighted in blue?
Appendicular
The body can also be divided into Three sections, or planes. They are:
- Sagittal Plane
- Frontal Plane
- Transverse Plane
DEFINE: Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.
Sagittal Plane
DEFINE: Median/Midsagittal Plane
A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.
A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is known as what?
Median/Midsagittal Plane
DEFINE: Frontal Plane(Coronal Plane)
Frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Which plane divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Frontal Plane(Coronal Plane)
DEFINE: Transverse Plane(Horizontal Plane)
A plane that runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. A transverse section of the body is called a cross section. Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.
A plane that runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. A transverse section of the body is called a cross section. Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.
Transverse Plane(Horizontal Plane)
What are Oblique Sections in regards to the Transverse Plane?
Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.
- Sagittal Plane(Median/Midsagittal)
- Frontal Plane(Coronal)
- Transverse Plane(Horizontal)
Anatomy and physiology also describe two set of body cavities known as what?
- Dorsal
- Ventral
The ______ cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile.
Dorsal Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
- Dorsal Cavity
- Spinal Cavity
- Pelvic Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Ventral Cavity
- Abdominal Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
Within the dorsal cavity are the ___1___ cavity and ___2___ cavity.
- Cranial
- Spinal
The ______ cavity sits in the skull and houses the brain
Cranial Cavity
The ______ cavity runs within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.
Vertebral/Spinal cavity
True or False: The spinal cord is NOT a continuation of the brain
False
True or False: The spinal cord is a continuation of the brain
True
True or False: The cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other, without any separation
True
True or False: The cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other, with minor separations along the way
False
The ______ cavity is anterior and the larger than the Dorsal Cavity.
Ventral Body Cavity
Within the ventral cavity are the ___1___cavity and ___2___ cavity.
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
The Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity are located inside the larger ______ Cavity.
Ventral Cavity
The ventral cavity houses the ______ organs.
Visceral Organs
The Visceral Organs are housed inside the ______ Cavity.
Ventral Cavity
The Thoracic cavity is protected by the ___1___ and ___2___ found within the chest.
- Ribs
- Muscles
The ______ cavity is protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest
Thoracic Cavity
The ___1___ cavity is further divided into the lateral ___2___ cavities, which each contain a ___3___, and the ___4___ cavity, which surrounds the ___5___.
- Thoracic Cavity
- Pleural Cavities
- Lung
- Pericardial Cavity
- Heart
The ______ cavity also encloses the thoracic organs, which are the esophagus and trachea.
Pericardial Cavity
The pericardial cavity also encloses the thoracic organs, which are the ___1___ and ___2___.
- Esophagus
- Trachea
The ______ cavity is located in the mediastinum which is a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities.
Pericardial Cavity
The pericardial cavity is located in the ___1___ which is a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities.
Mediastinum
The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the ______.
Diaphragm
The ______ is a dome shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism
Diaphragm
The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the ___1___ cavity and ___2___ cavity.
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
The superior portion of the Abdominopelvic Cavity is the ______ cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.
Abdominal Cavity
The superior portion of the Abdominopelvic Cavity is the Abdominal cavity that houses the ___1___, ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___.
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Spleen
- Liver
The ______ cavity lies in the bony pelvis and houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum.
Pelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and houses the ___1___, ___2___, and the ___3___.
- Bladder
- Reproductive Organs
- Rectum
The walls of the ventral body cavity as well as the outer surface of the organs are covered by a serous membrane called the______.
Serosa
The serosa is lubricated by ______ fluid that is secreted by the membrane itself.
Serous
The Serous fluid reduces the ______ between the organs as they slide around.
Friction
True or False : The Serous membranes are named for the specific cavity they line as well as the organs they line and cover.
True
The parietal pericardium is a Serous Membrane that lines the ___1___ and the ___2___, which covers the heart.
- Pericardial Cavity
- Visceral Pericardium
The ______ is a Serous Membrane that covers the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart.
parietal pericardium
The parietal pericardium is a ______ that covers the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart.
Serous Membrane
The ______ line the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs.
parietal pleurae
The parietal pleurae is a Serous Membrane that lines the walls of the ___1___, and the ___2___ cover the lungs.
- thoracic cavity
- visceral pleurae
The ______ is a Serous Membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs.
parietal pleurae
The ___1___ covers the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the ___2___ covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
The parietal peritoneum covers the walls of the ___1___, and the visceral peritoneum covers most of the ___2___ within the ___3___.
- abdominopelvic cavity
- Organs
- abdominopelvic cavity
The parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum are both examples of what kind of membrane?
Serous Membrane
When the serous membranes are inflamed, they become rough instead of smooth, and the organs will now stick together as they try to slide past one another. This causes great pain in patients. An example of this inflammation is ______, which is an inflammation of the pleurae.
Pleurisy
An example of inflammation of a Serous Membrane is ___1___, which is an inflammation of the ___2___.
- Pleurisy
- Pleurae
What is Pleurisy?
Inflammation of the Pleurae
What is it called when the Pleurae is inflammed?
Pleurisy
- Right Hypocondriac
- Epigastric
- Left Hypocondriac
- Right Lumbar
- Umbilical
- Left Lumbar
- Right Hypogastric
- Hypgastric
- Left Hypogastric
The ______ region can be divided into a right-upper quadrant, left-upper quadrant, right-lower quadrant, and left-lower quadrant.
abdominopelvic
In regards to the Abdominopelvic Regions, the ___1___ region surrounds the navel. The ___2___ region is above or superior to the umbilical region. The ___3___ region is located below, or inferior to, the umbilical region. The ___4___ regions, are located beside or lateral to the hypogastric region. The iliac is the superior part of the pelvic bone. The ___5___ regions lie beside or lateral to the umbilical region. The ___6___ regions lie lateral to the epigastric region.
- umbilical
- epigastric
- hypogastric
- Right & Left hypogastric(Iliac)
- right & left lumbar
- right & left hypochondriac
The ______ cavity contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue.
Oral Cavity
The oral cavity contains the ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.
- Mouth
- Teeth
- Tongue
The ______ cavity is continuous with the digestive cavity and extends all the way to the anus.
Oral Cavity
The Oral cavity is continuous with the ___1___ cavity and extends all the way to the ___2___.
- Digestive
- Anus
The ______ cavity is located within and posterior to the nose and is part of the respiratory tract.
Nasal Cavity
The Nasal cavity is located ___1___ and ___2___ to the nose and is part of the ___3___ tract.
- Within
- Posterior
- respiratory
- Nasal Cavity
- Oral Cavity
- Epiglottis
- Trachea
The ______ cavities in the skull house the eyes
Orbital Cavities
The orbital cavities in the skull house the ______
Eyes
The ______cavities are in the skull and lie medial to the eardrums.
Middle Ear Cavities
The middle ear cavities are in the ___1___ and lie medial to the ___2___.
- Skull
- Eardrums
The Middle Ear cavities contain tiny bones called the, the ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___ that transmit ___4___ vibrations to the hearing ___5___ in the inner ear
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
- Sound
- Receptors
- Temporal Bone
- Malleus (Hammer)
- Incus (Anvil)
- Stapes (Stirrup)
- Tympanum
- Outer Ear
- Middle Ear
- Inner Ear
The ______ cavities are the joint cavities.
Synovial Cavities
The synovial cavities are the ______.
Joint Cavities
The ______ Cavities are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body.
Synovial Cavities
The Synovial Cavities are enclosed within ___1___ that ___2___ freely movable joints of the body.
- Fibrous Capsules
- Surround
The ______ cavities make a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction as the bones move across one another
Synovial Cavities
These synovial cavities make a ___1___ that helps to reduce ___2___ as the bones move across one another.
- Lubricating Fluid
- Friction
- Humerus
- Articular Capsule
- Radius
- Ulna
