2.1: General Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards
______is the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye.
Gross anatomy
What is Gross anatomy?
the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye.
When looking at the lungs from a gross anatomical perspective, the lungs are ___1___ and found in the ___2___.
- paired
- chest cavity
Are the lungs symmetrical?
No.
How many Lobes does the RIGHT lung have and what are they?
The right lung has three lobes:
superior
middle
inferior
How many Lobes does the LEFT lung have and what are they?
The left has two lobes:
superior
inferior
The asymmetry of the lungs is due what?
The position of the heart, which is situated slightly to the left of the median plane.
What is the “Root” of the lung?
The Hilum is known as the “root” of the lung.
What is the Hilum?
This is where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung
Describe the color and texture of a Healthy Lung.
Healthy lung tissue has a very light texture and is peachy/pink in color.
Anterior view: Gross anatomy of lungs. The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) while the left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior). The right and left lung both have oblique fissures separating the lobes. The right lung also has a horizontal fissure separating the superior and middle lobes.
View of Hilum (root) of right lung. The hilum (highlighted in blue) is where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter through each lung.
The ______ are membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs.
pleurae
What are pleurae?
Membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs.
The ______ directly covers the lungs.
visceral pleura
What does the visceral pleura cover?
The visceral pleura directly covers the lungs
The ______ covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum.
parietal pleura
The parietal pleura covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs which are what?
rib cage
diaphragm
mediastinum
The space that is formed between the pleurae is called the ______.
pleural space(or cavity)
What is the pleural space(or cavity)?
The space that is formed between the pleurae
Normally, the ______ is empty except for a scant amount of fluid. However, in the diseased state, this cavity can fill with air or fluids.
pleural space(or cavity)
What does the Pleurae actually do?
The pleurae reduce friction and provide a negative pressure environment needed for lung inflation. It also helps to pull the lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation.
The anatomical organization of the respiratory system allows the respiratory system to perform what three main functions?
1) air conduction
2) air filtration
3) exchange of gases
The third step in the anatomical organization of the respiratory system, the exchange of gases step, is also called what?
This third step is also called respiration.
What 3 other things does The respiratory system also have a role in?
The respiratory system also has roles in:
vocalizations
the sense of smell
the body’s pH regulation.
Carbon dioxide forms ___1___, which must be buffered with ___2___.
- carbonic acid
- bicarbonate ions
______ forms carbonic acid, which must be buffered with bicarbonate ions?
Carbon dioxide
The following outlines the major portions of the respiratory system:
a. Conducting portion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
b. Filtration portion
1. 2.
c. Respiratory portion
1. 2. 3. 4.
The following outlines the major portions of the respiratory system:
a. Conducting portion
1. Nostril - nasal cavities 2. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus) 6. Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
b. Filtration portion
1. Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells 2. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells
c. Respiratory portion
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs 4. Alveoli
The following outlines the major portions of the respiratory system:
a.
1. Nostril - nasal cavities
2. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus) 6. Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
b.
1. Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells 2. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells
c.
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs 4. Alveoli
The following outlines the major portions of the respiratory system:
a. Conducting portion
1. Nostril - nasal cavities 2. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus) 6. Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
b. Filtration portion
1. Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells 2. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells
c. Respiratory portion
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs 4. Alveoli
The human respiratory system includes all structures that do what?
conduct air to and from the lungs.
Air moves through the ___1___ cavity, ___2___, ___3___, ___4___, and ___5___ to the lungs.
- nasal
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
Along the way, air is filtered so that it is ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.
- free of debris
- warmed
- humidified
True or False: By the time the air reaches the lungs, it is at body temperature and saturated with water.
True
The ______ or fossae, are composed of bone and cartilage, and are made up of several parts.
nasal cavities
The left and right fossae are separated by the ______.
nasal septum
The ______ is the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils.
vestibule
The vestibule is lined with ______, which is a continuation of the skin from the face.
stratified squamous epithelium
Short thick hairs called ______ are also found here and act as a screening device for the respiratory tract.
vibrissae
Past the vestibule, ______ are present in the nasal cavity, increasing the surface area so that the incoming air can be warmed and humidified.
multiple nasal conchae or folds
To accomplish warming the air, the nasal cavity is highly ______.
vascularized (has a large number of blood vessels)
What is one reason why nosebleeds can commonly occur?
The nasal cavity is highly vascularized (has a large number of blood vessels).
Midsagittal view of upper respiratory structures
The nasal cavities (left nasal cavity is highlighted in blue) are part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
The pharynx is made up of three portions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
The pharynx is comprised of how many regions? What are they?
nasopharynx
Oropharynx
laryngopharynx.
The ______ is the connection area between the nasal cavity and pharynx, generally above the soft palate.
nasopharynx
______ connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear.
Eustachian tubes
Eustachian tubes connect the ______ to each middle ear.
nasopharynx
The ______ is the region posterior to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis.
oropharynx
The oropharynx is the region posterior to the ___1___ and anterior to the ___2___.
- mouth
- epiglottis
The laryngopharynx is the area where what 3 things meet?
pharynx, larynx, and esophagus
The ______ is the area where the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet.
laryngopharynx
______ is superior and posterior to the larynx.
laryngopharynx
True or False: Epithelium is consistent within the pharynx due to the lack of movement within the area.
False. Epithelium VARIES within the pharynx due to the AMOUNT of movement within the area.
______ protects the Pharynx tissues from frictional damage.
Stratified squamous epithelium
What does Stratified squamous epithelium do?
protects the Pharynx tissues from frictional damage.
The larynx (in blue), anterior view
Anterior view of larynx, trachea (cartilage on the anterior portion of trachea in blue), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
The ___1___ and ___2___ separate the nasal cavities from the mouth.
- hard palate
- soft palate
The air and food passages cross in the ______.
pharynx
What is aspiration?
When food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea.
What are the 3 advantages of having a shared passage in the Pharynx?
- Lets air enter through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed (such as nasal congestion).
- Allows for relatively normal breathing during eating.
- Permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required.
Side view of the hard palate or “roof of the mouth” is highlighted in blue. The hard and soft palates separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity inside the mouth
Anterior view of nasal cavity, maxilla, hard palate and soft palate (in blue)
First, air passes from the ___1___ through the regions of the ___2___, then to the ___3___.
- mouth or nose
- pharynx
- larynx
The ______ is an opening into the larynx, or voice box.
glottis
The vocal cords or folds are also located in the______.
larynx
At the edges of the glottis, embedded in mucous membranes, are the ______.
vocal folds (“true vocal cords”)
______ are flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue that vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx.
vocal folds (“true vocal cords”)
What are the vocal folds (“true vocal cords”)?
flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue that vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx.
Midsagittal view of the soft palate, tongue, and larynx structures. The glottis is an opening in the larynx where the vocal folds are located. (See Figure 2.11)
Posterior view of the larynx and trachea. The vocal folds are highlighted in blue.
The larynx is attached to the ______.
trachea
The larynx and the trachea are permanently ___1___ to receive ___2___.
- held open
- air
The larynx is made up of ___1___ and ___2___.
- single cartilages
- paired cartilages
Single cartilages include the ___1___, ___2___, and the ___3___.
- epiglottis
- cricoid cartilage
- thyroid cartilage
The ______ guards the superior opening of the larynx.
epiglottis
The epiglottis guards what?
the superior opening of the larynx
The thyroid cartilage is commonly called the ______.
“Adam’s apple” and is larger in males.
The “Adam’s apple” is actually the ______.
thyroid cartilage
Paired cartilages are ______ in size compared to the single cartilages.
smaller
Paired cartilages include the ___1___, ___2___, and the ___3___.
- arytenoid cartilage
- corniculate cartilage
- cuneiform cartilages
Except for the vocal fold area, the ______ is lined with typical respiratory epithelium.
laryngopharynx
Except for the ______, the laryngopharynx is lined with typical respiratory epithelium.
vocal fold area
Except for the vocal fold area, the laryngopharynx is lined with typical ______.
respiratory epithelium
Posterior view of larynx, showing single and paired cartilage.
From the larynx, air proceeds to the ______.
trachea
The trachea is held open by what?
A series of C-shaped, cartilaginous rings that do not completely meet on the posterior side of the trachea.
Posteriorly, the “open” region of the trachea is bridged by a ___1___ and the ___2___.
- ligament
- trachealis (smooth) muscle
The luminal surface of the trachea is typical ______.
respiratory epithelium
In the trachea and the bronchi, ______ beat in an upward motion.
cilia
What is the purpose of the Cilia in the trachea and the bronchi beating upward?
The purpose is to carry mucus, dust, or occasional bits of food that were aspirated up into the throat. Once the particles are moved up in the throat, the accumulation may be swallowed (via the esophagus to the stomach) or expectorated (spit up).
What does Expectorated mean?
To spit up
______ refers to bits of food, liquid, or particles that travel into the trachea.
Aspiration
Aspiration may cause ______ if there is a large amount of food or liquid that is aspirated and travels to the lungs.
pneumonia (infections of the lungs)
True or False: Swallowing is a relatively simple process.
False. Swallowing is a complex process that requires several actions to occur almost simultaneously.
The trachea divides into ___1___, which enter the right and left lungs; each then branches into a great number of smaller passages called ___2___.
- two main bronchi
- bronchioles
The two main bronchi resemble the ___1___ in structure, but as the bronchial tubes divide and subdivide, their walls become ___2___, and rings of cartilage are ___3___.
- trachea
- thinner
- no longer present
______ represent the transition from the single conduction pathway of the upper airways into the large surface area required for gas exchange.
Bronchi
Bronchi represent what?
The transition from the single conduction pathway of the upper airways into the large surface area required for gas exchange.
______ lines the entire bronchial tree.
Respiratory epithelium
The ______ bifurcates into two main stem (primary) bronchi, which then branch into lobar (secondary) bronchi, three into the right lung and two into the left lung.
trachea
The bronchi continue to subdivide (tertiary bronchi) until reaching 1 mm in diameter, at which point they are called ______.
bronchioles
______ form the interface between the conducting portion and respiratory portions of the respiratory system.
Bronchioles
______ are the smallest air conducting bronchioles.
Terminal bronchioles
______ are the transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange.
Respiratory bronchioles
___1___, ___2___, and ___3___ extend from the ends of the respiratory bronchioles.
- Alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- single alveoli
Each respiratory bronchiole terminates in an elongated space enclosed by a multitude of tiny air pockets called ______.
alveoli (within alveolar sacs)
______ is defined as movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
Alveolar ventilation
___1___ arise from the respiratory bronchioles, which are surrounded by ___2___.
- Alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs, or grape-like clusters of alveoli
______represent the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier.
Alveoli
______ are sandwiched between two separate alveoli.
capillaries
___1___ diffusing into the blood from each lung and ___2___ diffusing out of the blood into the lungs is based on the ___3___ of each gas.
- Oxygen
- CO2
- concentration gradient
Gases also follow their ___1___, moving from a higher to lower concentration. This generally results in ___2___ moving into the blood and ___3___ moving out of the blood.
- concentration gradient
- O2
- CO2
Anterior view of the structure of the lungs. Bronchioles terminate in alveoli, which are surrounded by capillary beds to enable the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs.
Goblet cells are responsible for producing what?
Mucus
