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Anatomy 1 > 3.4: Physiology of the GI Tract > Flashcards

3.4: Physiology of the GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system has four main roles that it performs what are they?.

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation

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2
Q

______ is when food enters the mouth.

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

______ occurs when food is moved, mixed, and exposed to enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Digestion or food breakdown

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4
Q

Digestion can be divided into two parts what are they?

A

mechanical digestion and chemical digestion

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5
Q

______ digestion occurs when food is physically broken down into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical

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6
Q

______ digestion occurs when the teeth chew food, when the stomach churns and mixes food, and as food is moved and squeezed along the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Mechanical

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7
Q

_____ digestion is the chemical breakdown of food by enzymes into smaller nutrients.

A

Chemical

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8
Q

______ is the process of moving digested food into the bloodstream.

A

Absorption

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9
Q

______ is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus.

A

Defecation

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10
Q

True or False: The mouth is where digestion begins, but only mechanical.

A

False. The mouth is where digestion begins, BOTH mechanical AND chemical.

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11
Q

How does the mouth Chemically digest food?

A

Chemically, saliva is released by the salivary glands. NOTE the locations of the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

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12
Q

The enzyme___1___ contained in the saliva begins the chemical breakdown of ___2___.

A
  1. salivary amylase
  2. starches
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13
Q

How does the mouth Mechanically digest food?

A

Mechanically, the food is broken down into smaller physical pieces by both the teeth and tongue.

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14
Q

What is the food in the mouth called after it has been chewed?

A

The food is then called a bolus.

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15
Q

______, rhythmic muscular contractions, moves the food along the esophagus to the stomach.

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food along the esophagus to the stomach.

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17
Q

True or False: No ingestion, digestion, absorption, or defecation takes place in the pharynx or esophagus. These structures only transport the food from the mouth to stomach by peristalsis.

A

True

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18
Q
A

Midsagittal view of the oral cavity and associated salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular)

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19
Q

Once in the stomach, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food continues with the secretion of ______.

A

digestive juices

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20
Q

True or False: Substantial nutrient absorption occurs in the stomach.

A

False. Very little to no nutrient absorption occurs in the stomach.

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21
Q

The stomach’s main function is for ______.

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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22
Q

The ___1___ stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric juices, which contains: ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___

A
  1. hormone gastrin
  2. pepsinogens
  3. mucus
  4. hydrochloric acid
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23
Q

The ___1___ secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of ___2___.

A
  1. parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body)
  2. 1.3-3.5
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24
Q

The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete ______, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5.

A

hydrochloric acid

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25
Q

True or False: The very acidic pH of the hydrochloric acid produced by the Parietal cells of the stomach kill many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase.

A

True

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26
Q

The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of ______.

A

pepsin

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27
Q

______ is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach.

A

Pepsinogen (a pro-enzyme)

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28
Q

Hydrochloric acid converts the___1___ into the active enzyme pepsin, which begins the breakdown of ___2___.

A
  1. inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells)
  2. proteins
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29
Q

______ protects the stomach lining from the hydrochloric acid and pepsinogens.

A

Mucus

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30
Q

The ______ churns and mixes the food, breaking it into smaller pieces.

A

muscularis externa

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31
Q

The smaller pieces allow for more ___1___ of the food to be exposed to the enzymes in the stomach to form ___2___.

A
  1. surface area
  2. chyme
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32
Q

___1___ moves the food toward the small intestine where the ___2___ controls the slow release of chyme into the ___3___.

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. pyloric sphincter
  3. duodenum
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33
Q

In the small intestine digestion continues and ______ begins.

A

absorption

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34
Q

Enzymes from the ___1___ enter the small intestine to continue digestion of ___2___, and begin digestion of ___3___.

A
  1. pancreatic juices
  2. starches and proteins
  3. fat
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35
Q

______, which result from the first step in protein digestion, are digested by peptidases to amino acids.

A

Peptides

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36
Q

Peptides, which result from the first step in protein digestion, are digested by ___1___ to ___2___.

A
  1. peptidases
  2. amino acids
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37
Q

______, which results from the first step in starch digestion, is digested by maltase to glucose.

A

Maltose

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38
Q

Maltose, which results from the first step in starch digestion, is digested by ___1___ to ___2___.

A
  1. maltase
  2. glucose
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39
Q

Pancreatic juice includes three enzymes. What are they and what do they digest?

A
  1. amylase digests starch
  2. trypsin digests proteins
  3. lipase digests fats
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40
Q

______, which is also contained in the pancreatic juice, neutralizes the acidic chyme.

A

Bicarbonate

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41
Q

Bicarbonate, which is also contained in the pancreatic juice, neutralizes the ______.

A

acidic chyme

42
Q

Chyme stimulates the small intestine to secrete two hormones:

A

cholecystokinin and secretin

43
Q

______causes the gallbladder to secrete bile.

A

Cholecystokinin

44
Q

______ causes the liver to secrete bile.

A

Secretin

45
Q

Both Cholecystokinin and Secretin cause the ___1___ to ___2___.

A
  1. pancreas
  2. secrete its juices
46
Q

______ breaks down fat into smaller pieces and is needed for the absorption of fats.

A

Bile

47
Q

True or False: When food reaches the end of the small intestine, digestion is complete and most absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream has happened.

A

True

48
Q

When food reaches the end of the small intestine, ___1___ is complete and most ___2___ has happened.

A
  1. digestion
  2. absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
49
Q

What remains of the food enters the large intestine by the ______.

A

ileocecal valve

50
Q

In the large intestine, the undigested food is compacted in order to be prepared for ______.

A

defecation

51
Q

Water is absorbed to form ___1___. ___2___ are absorbed as well.

A
  1. Feces
  2. Vitamins and ions
52
Q

Bacteria metabolize the remaining nutrients, producing vitamins ___1___ and ___2___ in the process.

A
  1. K
  2. B
53
Q

Feces travel to the ___1___ where it is defecated via the ___2___.

A
  1. rectum
  2. anus
54
Q
A

Overview of digestive processes carried out from the mouth to the small intestine.

55
Q

______ is the internal drive to find and eat food and is often experienced as a negative sensation such as churning, growling, or a painful sensation in the stomach.

A

Hunger

56
Q

The ______ is a region of the brain that plays a role in hunger, satiety, and the feeling of “being full”.

A

hypothalamus

57
Q

The amount of ______ in the blood begin to decline if a person has not eaten in a long period of time.

A

nutrients

58
Q

The drop in nutrients in the blood stimulates the ______ in the hypothalamus and signals the body to feel “hungry” and desire to eat.

A

feeding center

59
Q

True or False: If a portion of the hypothalamus is damaged or destroyed, from certain chemicals, trauma, surgery, or cancers, the regulation of hunger and satiety can be lost. In such an instance, the body no longer receives signals to stop eating and weight gain is almost certain.

A

True

60
Q
A

Midsagittal view of the brain and brainstem. The hypothalamus (blue) is responsible for the regulation and monitoring of many processes in the body, such as hunger and satiety.

61
Q

As the stomach expands from food intake and the nutrients consumed are absorbed, receptors within the stomach wall ______.

A

send signals to the brain and the desire to eat declines

62
Q

The human body produces a variety of ______ that work together to balance our hunger and satiety.

A

hormones

63
Q

______are compounds secreted into the bloodstream by one type of cell that acts to control the function of another type of cell.

A

Hormones

64
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Compounds secreted into the bloodstream by one type of cell that acts to control the function of another type of cell

65
Q

What are the types of Hormones related to increased hunger?

A

Hormones that increase hunger – Ghrelin, Endorphins, Neuropeptide-Y

66
Q

What are the types of Hormones related to satiety or decreased hunger?

A

Hormones that cause satiety (decrease hunger) – Leptin, Serotonin, Cholecystokinin (CCK)

67
Q

There are two key hormones in relation to hunger and satiety, what are they?

A

leptin and ghrelin

68
Q

Leptin is produced by ______.

A

adipose tissue (fat cells)

69
Q

The role of ______ is to alert the brain to turn off the hunger center in the brain and activate the satiety center when consuming a meal.

A

leptin

70
Q

Ghrelin is produced by ______.

A

the stomach

71
Q

______ travels to the brain and stimulates the hunger center as it deactivates the satiety center.

A

Ghrelin

72
Q

True or Fales: Ideally, leptin and ghrelin work together to balance hunger and satiety.

A

True

73
Q

What are the three major biochemical categories of food that the body needs in large amounts?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

74
Q

True or False: Vitamins and minerals are also needed by the body but in much smaller amounts.

A

False: Vitamins and minerals are also needed by the body but in much LARGER amounts.

75
Q

______ are classified as starches and sugars.

A

Carbohydrates

76
Q

Milk and fruits, such as apples or peaches, contain ______.

A

sugar

77
Q

Grains such as wheat and vegetables such as potatoes contain ______.

A

starches

78
Q

Lipids can be divided into three categories what are they?

A

saturated fat, unsaturated fat, and cholesterol

79
Q

Meat and dairy products, such as butter, contain ___1___ fats, while nuts and vegetable oils, such as olive oil, contain ___2___.

A
  1. saturated
  2. unsaturated fats
80
Q

______ is made by our bodies but can also be ingested by eating animal products, such as meat (beef), cheese, and eggs (yolk).

A

Cholesterol

81
Q

Proteins (which are made up of amino acids) can be categorized as ___1___ proteins or ___2___ proteins.

A
  1. complete
  2. Incomplete
82
Q

Examples of ______proteins are meat, poultry, eggs, milk, dairy products, and soybeans.

A

complete

83
Q

______ proteins are food such as grains, legumes, seeds, and nuts.

A

Incomplete

84
Q

There are ___1___ amino acids called ___2___ amino acids required in an adult human diet (with ___3___ required in an infant’s diet).

A
  1. 9
  2. essential
  3. 10
85
Q

They are called essential amino acids because ______.

A

the body is unable to make these amino acids

86
Q

True or Fales: Incomplete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids but complete proteins do not.

A

False. COMPLETE proteins contain all nine essential amino acids but INCOMPLETE proteins do not.

87
Q

______ are organic compounds that are not consumed in metabolic reaction but help enzymes carry out the metabolic reactions, which convert nutrients to materials needed by the body.

A

Vitamins

88
Q

Vitamins can be classified as ___1___ soluble or ___2___ soluble.

A
  1. water
  2. Fat
89
Q

______soluble vitamins are not able to be stored in the body and are excreted in urine.

A

Water

90
Q

______soluble vitamins are stored in body fat.

A

Fat

91
Q

True or False: Ingestion of excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins can be problematic.

A

True

92
Q

True or False: Vitamins are not needed in the diet to maintain growth and good cellular health.

A

False. Vitamins ARE NEEDED in the diet to maintain growth and good cellular health.

93
Q

______are inorganic compounds that, like vitamins, are not used as fuel in metabolic reactions but are combined with other nutrients to form necessary body substances.

A

Minerals

94
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic compounds that, like vitamins, are not used as fuel in metabolic reactions but are combined with other nutrients to form necessary body substances.

95
Q

Humans need what seven minerals in their diets?

A

calcium
chloride
magnesium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
sulfur

96
Q

How many other minerals outside the 7 necessary ones are needed in trace amounts?

A

There are twelve other minerals needed in trace amounts.

97
Q

True or False: Foods such as milk, some meats, legumes, and vegetables are the best sources of minerals.

A

True

98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A
101
Q
A

Anatomy 1 (22 decks)

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