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Anatomy 1 > 4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton: Overview and Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton: Overview and Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton, comprised of a network of ___1___ held together at ___2___, has many functions.

A
  1. bones
  2. joints
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2
Q

The skeleton protects ______.

A

vital internal organs

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3
Q

the skull forms a protective encasement for the ______.

A

brain

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4
Q

The rib cage provides protection for the ___1___ and ___2___.

A
  1. heart
  2. lungs
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5
Q

Flat bones, such as those of the skull, ribs, and breastbone, produce ______.

A

blood cells

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6
Q

All bones are storage areas for inorganic ___1___ and ___2___.

A

1.calcium
2. phosphorus salts

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7
Q

Bones also provide sites for attachment of ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.

A
  1. muscles
  2. tendons
  3. ligaments
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8
Q

The long bones, particularly those of the legs and the arms, permit flexible ______.

A

body movement

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9
Q

The large, heavy bones of the legs support the body against the pull of ______.

A

Gravity

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10
Q

There are how many TYPES of bones?

A

5

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11
Q

The shape of a bone determines its ______.

A

function

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12
Q

______ bones are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement.

A

Long bones

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13
Q

Describe Long bones and what they do.

A

Long bones are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement.

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14
Q

The humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and metatarsals are all examples of what type of bones?

A

Long Bones

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15
Q

What type of bone form the roof of the skull to protect the brain?

A

Flat bones (such as in the cranium)

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16
Q

______ bones are small and cube-shaped.

A

Short

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17
Q

The carpals in the hand and tarsals in the foot are considered what type of bones?

A

Short Bones

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18
Q

______ bones are varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces.

A

Irregular

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19
Q

The vertebrae are designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movements and considered what type of bone?

A

irregular bones

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20
Q

The vertebrae are ___1___ bones designed to protect the ___2___ as well as enable ___3___.

A
  1. irregular
  2. spinal cord
  3. spinal movements
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21
Q

The pelvic bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, are considered what type of bones?

A

Irregular bones

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22
Q

______ bones are small and round, reinforcing tendons.

A

Sesamoid

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23
Q

The patella is an example of what type of bone?

A

Sesamoid

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24
Q
A

The five basic bone shapes: Long, flat, short, irregular, and sesamoid

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25
Q

True or False: Bones are not simply smooth surfaces.

A

True

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26
Q

Each bone has distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes called ______.

A

bone landmarks

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27
Q

What are the different types of Bone landmarks?

A
  1. Foramen, canal, fissure
  2. Sinus
  3. Process, ramus
  4. Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
  5. Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
  6. Fossa, sulcus
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28
Q

List the functions of Foramen, canal, fissure

A

openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway

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29
Q

List the functions of Sinus

A

hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air

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30
Q

List the functions of Process, ramus

A

elevations in bone

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31
Q

List the functions of Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

A

processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

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32
Q

List the functions of Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

A

processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

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33
Q

List the functions of Fossa, sulcus

A

depressions in bone

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34
Q

Name the process: openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway

A

Foramen, canal, fissure

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35
Q

Name the process: hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air

A

Sinus

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36
Q

Name the process: elevations in bone

A

Process, ramus

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37
Q

Name the process: processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

A

Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

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38
Q

Name the process: processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

A

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

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39
Q

Name the process: depressions in bone

A

Fossa, sulcus

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40
Q

The human skeleton has two main divisions what are they?

A

the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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41
Q

The ______ skeleton lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage

A

axial

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42
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage

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43
Q

What is highlighted in blue?

A

The axial skeleton (blue) includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs.

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44
Q
A

Lateral view of the axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton removed.

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45
Q

The skull is formed by how many bones?

A

22

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46
Q

The skull is formed by 22 bones; ___1___ bones for the cranium and ___2___ facial bones.

A
  1. 8
  2. 14
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47
Q

The ______ protects the brains and is composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults.

A

cranium

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48
Q

In newborns, certain bones are not completely formed and instead are joined by membranous regions called ___1___, commonly called “___2___.”

A
  1. fontanelles
  2. soft spots
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49
Q

What do the Fontanelles allow for in infants?

A

Fontanelles allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth and expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain.

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50
Q

How long to the Fontanelles of an infant last?

A

These regions begin to close around two months but may last up to two years

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51
Q
A

Fontanelles are present in newborns until around two years of age.

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52
Q

True or False: The large bones of the cranium have the same names as the lobes of the brain.

A

True

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53
Q

The large bones of the cranium have the same names as the lobes of the brain what are they?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
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54
Q

On the top of the cranium, ___1___ forms the forehead, the ___2___ extend to the sides, and the ___3___ curves to form the base of the skull.

A
  1. the frontal bone (one bone)
  2. parietal bones (two, paired bones)
  3. occipital bone
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55
Q

Below the much larger parietal bones, each ______ has an opening that leads to the middle ear.

A

temporal bone

56
Q

The ___1___ bone not only completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the ___2___.

A
  1. sphenoid
  2. eye sockets
57
Q

The ______, which lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum.

A

ethmoid bone

58
Q

The sphenoid and ethmoid bones lie largely were?

A

inside the skull

59
Q
A

Lateral view of the cranial bones. The ethmoid bone is highlighted in blue.

60
Q
A
61
Q
A

Interior view of the of the cranial cavity. The parietal bones and frontal bone have been removed to show the interior of the cranium. The sphenoid bone is highlighted in blue to note its unique shape. The zygomatic bone, part of the facial skeleton, is prominent in this view.The occipital bone contains a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.

62
Q
A

Posterior view of the occipital bone with major bone landmarks. The occipital bone contains a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.

63
Q

The bones of the cranium contain the ______, air spaces lined by mucous membrane.

A

sinuses

64
Q

What are sinuses?

A

air spaces lined by mucous membrane.

65
Q

______ reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice.

A

Sinuses

66
Q

Two sinuses called the ______ drain into the middle ear.

A

mastoid sinuses

67
Q

______, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses.

A

Mastoiditis

68
Q

______, a condition that can lead to deafness.

A

Mastoiditis

69
Q

A sinus infection called ______, occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy.

A

sinusitis

70
Q

What causes Sinusitis?

A

A sinus infection (sinusitis) occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy.

71
Q
A

Anterior view of the skull. The frontal bone is faded to show the frontal sinuses, hollow spaces within bones of the skull.

72
Q

The foramina of the skull allow for many functions, such as passage for ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. nerves
  3. the spinal cord
73
Q

The ______ of the skull allow for many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord

A

foramina

74
Q

The ______ allows for passage of the spinal cord into the skull.

A

foramen magnum

75
Q

The foramen magnum allows for what?

A

the passage of the spinal cord into the skull.

76
Q

The ______ is an opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery.

A

carotid canal

77
Q

The ______ is for transmission of sound, also located within the temporal bone.

A

external acoustic meatus

78
Q
A

Inferior view of the foramina of the skull. The major foramina are in blue. All foramina above are paired except for the foramen magnum.

79
Q

There are how many facial bones?

A

14

80
Q

The ______ is the only movable portion of the skull.

A

mandible, lower jaw,

81
Q

The ___1___ and ___2___ are the only non-paired bones of the facial skeleton; all other facial bones are paired.

A
  1. mandible
  2. vomer
82
Q

The mandible and vomer are the only ___1___ bones of the facial skeleton; all other facial bones are ___2___.

A
  1. non-paired
  2. paired
83
Q

The ______, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen.

A

maxillae, the upper jaw

84
Q

Tooth sockets are found in both the ___1___ and ___2___.

A
  1. mandible
  2. maxillae
85
Q

The ___1___ bones give us our cheekbone prominences, and the ___2___ bones form the bridge of the nose

A
  1. zygomatic
  2. nasal
86
Q
A

Lateral view of the facial bones with foramen.

87
Q

The ______ bones make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity

A

palatine

88
Q

Each thin, scale-like ______ bone lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone

A

lacrimal

89
Q

the thin, flat ______ joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum.

A

vomer

90
Q

The inferior ______ are bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae

A

nasal conchae

91
Q

The ___1___ and ___2___ are formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone.

A
  1. middle nasal conchae
  2. superior nasal conchae
92
Q

The nasal conchae act to ___1___ the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to ___2___ and ___3___ the air before it enters the lower respiratory system.

A
  1. swirl
  2. warm
  3. humidify
93
Q
A

Anterior view of the facial skeleton, left maxilla bone is removed. The palatine bones are highlighted in blue bilaterally.

94
Q
A

Lateral view (left) of the skull. The left maxilla is removed to show the bones deep to it.

95
Q

The ______ column extends from the skull to the pelvis.

A

vertebral

96
Q

In a typical spine, the vertebral column has ___1___ curvatures that provide more___2___ in an upright posture than a straight column could.

A
  1. 4
  2. resilience and strength
97
Q

The various vertebrae are named according to what?

A

According to their location in the vertebral column.

98
Q

The groups names (anatomical regions) of the vertebrae are what?

A
  1. cervical (neck)
  2. thoracic (back, ribs)
  3. lumbar (lower back)
  4. sacrum
  5. coccyx (tail).
99
Q

When the vertebrae join, they form a ______through which the spinal cord passes.

A

canal (vertebral foramen)

100
Q

In the vertebral column there are ______ cervical vertebrae.

A

seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

101
Q

In the vertebral column there are ______ thoracic vertebrae.

A

twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

102
Q

In the vertebral column there are ______ lumbar vertebrae.

A

five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

103
Q

In the vertebral column there are ______ sacrum.

A

one sacrum

104
Q

In the vertebral column there are ______ coccyx.

A

one coccyx

105
Q
A

Typical curvatures of the vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves.

106
Q

True or False: The structure of an individual vertebrae remains consistent from region to region.

A

False. The structure of an individual vertebrae VARIES SLIGHTLY from region to region.

107
Q

The ___1___ are located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae and can be ___2___ as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back.

A
  1. spinous processes
  2. palpated (examined externally by touch)
108
Q

The vertebral body is located on the ___1___ portion and is the part of the vertebrae with the most ___2___.

A
  1. anterior
  2. surface area
109
Q

The ______ allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other.

A

articular facets

110
Q

The spinal cord is protected in the ___1___ vertebrae and the spinal nerves exit___2___ vertebrae.

A
  1. center of the
  2. between the
111
Q
A

Superior view of a single vertebrae. The vertebral body is located anteriorly and the spinous process posteriorly.

112
Q

A typical ___1___ has a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly, with the exception of ___2___.

A
  1. cervical vertebra
  2. C1
113
Q

The cervical vertebral bodies are ___1___, and the vertebral foramen are ___2___.

A
  1. small
  2. large
114
Q

The ______ have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.

A

transverse processes

115
Q

The transverse processes have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral ___1___ and vertebral ___2___.

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
116
Q
A

Superior view of a typical cervical spinal vertebrae. Note the smaller vertebral body (anteriorly) and the bifid spinous process (posteriorly). The transverse process (highlighted in blue) contain transverse foramina for the passage of blood vessels, which travel to the brain.

117
Q

A typical ______ vertebra has a long, thin spinous process that does not split.

A

thoracic

118
Q

The thoracic vertebral bodies are medium-sized and contain facets for ______.

A

rib articulations

119
Q

There are ___1___ thoracic vertebrae, all of which contain the facets for rib articulation on the transverse processes except for ___2___ and ___3___.

A
  1. 12
  2. T11
  3. T12
120
Q
A

Superior view of a typical thoracic spinal vertebra that contains costal facets for rib articulations. The superior costal facets are highlighted in blue on the vertebral body.

121
Q

A typical ______vertebra has a shorter spinous process that is broader and points posteriorly.

A

lumbar

122
Q

The vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine are the ___1___, enabling it to support the weight of the ___2___, ___3___, ___4___, and ___5___.

A
  1. largest
  2. head,
  3. neck
  4. trunk
  5. upper limbs
123
Q

The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra are ___1___ and have no ___2___.

A
  1. shorter
  2. no costal facets
124
Q
A

Superior view of a typical lumbar vertebrae regions.

125
Q

The ______ is comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine

A

sacrum

126
Q

The base of the sacrum is the widest portion, which articulates with the ______ above it.

A

L5 vertebra

127
Q

The coccyx is comprised of ___1___ fused vertebrae, which typically begin to fuse by around age ___2___.

A
  1. four to five
  2. 25
128
Q

The sacrum and coccyx provide attachment sites for many ___1___ and ___2___.

A
  1. ligaments
  2. tendons
129
Q

The stability of the sacrum, coccyx, and ligaments anchoring them to the pelvis are key for ______.

A

pelvic stability

130
Q
A

Posterior view of the sacrum (blue) and coccyx with bone landmarks.

131
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

132
Q

All twelve pairs of ribs connect directly to the ______ posteriorly.

A

thoracic vertebrae

133
Q

Ribs ______ connect directly to the sternum.

A

1-7

134
Q

Ribs ______ connect to the sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage to the sternum.

A

8-10

135
Q

The lower two pairs of ribs, ribs ______, are called “______” because they do not attach to the sternum.

A
  1. 11-12
  2. floating ribs
136
Q

The sternum is comprised of what three parts?

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process.
137
Q
A

Anterior view of the ribs and sternum

Anatomy 1 (22 decks)

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