4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton: Overview and Axial Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
The skeleton, comprised of a network of ___1___ held together at ___2___, has many functions.
A
- bones
- joints
2
Q
The skeleton protects ______.
A
vital internal organs
3
Q
the skull forms a protective encasement for the ______.
A
brain
4
Q
The rib cage provides protection for the ___1___ and ___2___.
A
- heart
- lungs
5
Q
Flat bones, such as those of the skull, ribs, and breastbone, produce ______.
A
blood cells
6
Q
All bones are storage areas for inorganic ___1___ and ___2___.
A
1.calcium
2. phosphorus salts
7
Q
Bones also provide sites for attachment of ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.
A
- muscles
- tendons
- ligaments
8
Q
The long bones, particularly those of the legs and the arms, permit flexible ______.
A
body movement
9
Q
The large, heavy bones of the legs support the body against the pull of ______.
A
Gravity
10
Q
There are how many TYPES of bones?
A
5
11
Q
The shape of a bone determines its ______.
A
function
12
Q
______ bones are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement.
A
Long bones
13
Q
Describe Long bones and what they do.
A
Long bones are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement.
14
Q
The humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and metatarsals are all examples of what type of bones?
A
Long Bones
15
Q
What type of bone form the roof of the skull to protect the brain?
A
Flat bones (such as in the cranium)
16
Q
______ bones are small and cube-shaped.
A
Short
17
Q
The carpals in the hand and tarsals in the foot are considered what type of bones?
A
Short Bones
18
Q
______ bones are varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces.
A
Irregular
19
Q
The vertebrae are designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movements and considered what type of bone?
A
irregular bones
20
Q
The vertebrae are ___1___ bones designed to protect the ___2___ as well as enable ___3___.
A
- irregular
- spinal cord
- spinal movements
21
Q
The pelvic bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, are considered what type of bones?
A
Irregular bones
22
Q
______ bones are small and round, reinforcing tendons.
A
Sesamoid
23
Q
The patella is an example of what type of bone?
A
Sesamoid
24
Q
A
The five basic bone shapes: Long, flat, short, irregular, and sesamoid
25
True or False: Bones are not simply smooth surfaces.
True
26
Each bone has distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes called ______.
bone landmarks
27
What are the different types of Bone landmarks?
1. Foramen, canal, fissure
2. Sinus
3. Process, ramus
4. Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
5. Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
6. Fossa, sulcus
28
List the functions of Foramen, canal, fissure
openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway
29
List the functions of Sinus
hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air
30
List the functions of Process, ramus
elevations in bone
31
List the functions of Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
32
List the functions of Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
33
List the functions of Fossa, sulcus
depressions in bone
34
Name the process: openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway
Foramen, canal, fissure
35
Name the process: hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air
Sinus
36
Name the process: elevations in bone
Process, ramus
37
Name the process: processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
38
Name the process: processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
39
Name the process: depressions in bone
Fossa, sulcus
40
The human skeleton has two main divisions what are they?
the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
41
The ______ skeleton lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage
axial
42
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage
43
What is highlighted in blue?
The axial skeleton (blue) includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs.
44
Lateral view of the axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton removed.
45
The skull is formed by how many bones?
22
46
The skull is formed by 22 bones; ___1___ bones for the cranium and ___2___ facial bones.
1. 8
2. 14
47
The ______ protects the brains and is composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults.
cranium
48
In newborns, certain bones are not completely formed and instead are joined by membranous regions called ___1___, commonly called “___2___.”
1. fontanelles
2. soft spots
49
What do the Fontanelles allow for in infants?
Fontanelles allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth and expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain.
50
How long to the Fontanelles of an infant last?
These regions begin to close around two months but may last up to two years
51
Fontanelles are present in newborns until around two years of age.
52
True or False: The large bones of the cranium have the same names as the lobes of the brain.
True
53
The large bones of the cranium have the same names as the lobes of the brain what are they?
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital
54
On the top of the cranium, ___1___ forms the forehead, the ___2___ extend to the sides, and the ___3___ curves to form the base of the skull.
1. the frontal bone (one bone)
2. parietal bones (two, paired bones)
3. occipital bone
55
Below the much larger parietal bones, each ______ has an opening that leads to the middle ear.
temporal bone
56
The ___1___ bone not only completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the ___2___.
1. sphenoid
2. eye sockets
57
The ______, which lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum.
ethmoid bone
58
The sphenoid and ethmoid bones lie largely were?
inside the skull
59
Lateral view of the cranial bones. The ethmoid bone is highlighted in blue.
60
61
Interior view of the of the cranial cavity. The parietal bones and frontal bone have been removed to show the interior of the cranium. The sphenoid bone is highlighted in blue to note its unique shape. The zygomatic bone, part of the facial skeleton, is prominent in this view.The occipital bone contains a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.
62
Posterior view of the occipital bone with major bone landmarks. The occipital bone contains a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.
63
The bones of the cranium contain the ______, air spaces lined by mucous membrane.
sinuses
64
What are sinuses?
air spaces lined by mucous membrane.
65
______ reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice.
Sinuses
66
Two sinuses called the ______ drain into the middle ear.
mastoid sinuses
67
______, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses.
Mastoiditis
68
______, a condition that can lead to deafness.
Mastoiditis
69
A sinus infection called ______, occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy.
sinusitis
70
What causes Sinusitis?
A sinus infection (sinusitis) occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy.
71
Anterior view of the skull. The frontal bone is faded to show the frontal sinuses, hollow spaces within bones of the skull.
72
The foramina of the skull allow for many functions, such as passage for ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.
1. blood vessels
2. nerves
3. the spinal cord
73
The ______ of the skull allow for many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord
foramina
74
The ______ allows for passage of the spinal cord into the skull.
foramen magnum
75
The foramen magnum allows for what?
the passage of the spinal cord into the skull.
76
The ______ is an opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery.
carotid canal
77
The ______ is for transmission of sound, also located within the temporal bone.
external acoustic meatus
78
Inferior view of the foramina of the skull. The major foramina are in blue. All foramina above are paired except for the foramen magnum.
79
There are how many facial bones?
14
80
The ______ is the only movable portion of the skull.
mandible, lower jaw,
81
The ___1___ and ___2___ are the only non-paired bones of the facial skeleton; all other facial bones are paired.
1. mandible
2. vomer
82
The mandible and vomer are the only ___1___ bones of the facial skeleton; all other facial bones are ___2___.
1. non-paired
2. paired
83
The ______, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen.
maxillae, the upper jaw
84
Tooth sockets are found in both the ___1___ and ___2___.
1. mandible
2. maxillae
85
The ___1___ bones give us our cheekbone prominences, and the ___2___ bones form the bridge of the nose
1. zygomatic
2. nasal
86
Lateral view of the facial bones with foramen.
87
The ______ bones make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity
palatine
88
Each thin, scale-like ______ bone lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone
lacrimal
89
the thin, flat ______ joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum.
vomer
90
The inferior ______ are bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae
nasal conchae
91
The ___1___ and ___2___ are formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone.
1. middle nasal conchae
2. superior nasal conchae
92
The nasal conchae act to ___1___ the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to ___2___ and ___3___ the air before it enters the lower respiratory system.
1. swirl
2. warm
3. humidify
93
Anterior view of the facial skeleton, left maxilla bone is removed. The palatine bones are highlighted in blue bilaterally.
94
Lateral view (left) of the skull. The left maxilla is removed to show the bones deep to it.
95
The ______ column extends from the skull to the pelvis.
vertebral
96
In a typical spine, the vertebral column has ___1___ curvatures that provide more___2___ in an upright posture than a straight column could.
1. 4
2. resilience and strength
97
The various vertebrae are named according to what?
According to their location in the vertebral column.
98
The groups names (anatomical regions) of the vertebrae are what?
1. cervical (neck)
2. thoracic (back, ribs)
3. lumbar (lower back)
4. sacrum
5. coccyx (tail).
99
When the vertebrae join, they form a ______through which the spinal cord passes.
canal (vertebral foramen)
100
In the vertebral column there are ______ cervical vertebrae.
seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
101
In the vertebral column there are ______ thoracic vertebrae.
twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
102
In the vertebral column there are ______ lumbar vertebrae.
five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
103
In the vertebral column there are ______ sacrum.
one sacrum
104
In the vertebral column there are ______ coccyx.
one coccyx
105
Typical curvatures of the vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves.
106
True or False: The structure of an individual vertebrae remains consistent from region to region.
False. The structure of an individual vertebrae VARIES SLIGHTLY from region to region.
107
The ___1___ are located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae and can be ___2___ as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back.
1. spinous processes
2. palpated (examined externally by touch)
108
The vertebral body is located on the ___1___ portion and is the part of the vertebrae with the most ___2___.
1. anterior
2. surface area
109
The ______ allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other.
articular facets
110
The spinal cord is protected in the ___1___ vertebrae and the spinal nerves exit___2___ vertebrae.
1. center of the
2. between the
111
Superior view of a single vertebrae. The vertebral body is located anteriorly and the spinous process posteriorly.
112
A typical ___1___ has a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly, with the exception of ___2___.
1. cervical vertebra
2. C1
113
The cervical vertebral bodies are ___1___, and the vertebral foramen are ___2___.
1. small
2. large
114
The ______ have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.
transverse processes
115
The transverse processes have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral ___1___ and vertebral ___2___.
1. arteries
2. veins
116
Superior view of a typical cervical spinal vertebrae. Note the smaller vertebral body (anteriorly) and the bifid spinous process (posteriorly). The transverse process (highlighted in blue) contain transverse foramina for the passage of blood vessels, which travel to the brain.
117
A typical ______ vertebra has a long, thin spinous process that does not split.
thoracic
118
The thoracic vertebral bodies are medium-sized and contain facets for ______.
rib articulations
119
There are ___1___ thoracic vertebrae, all of which contain the facets for rib articulation on the transverse processes except for ___2___ and ___3___.
1. 12
2. T11
3. T12
120
Superior view of a typical thoracic spinal vertebra that contains costal facets for rib articulations. The superior costal facets are highlighted in blue on the vertebral body.
121
A typical ______vertebra has a shorter spinous process that is broader and points posteriorly.
lumbar
122
The vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine are the ___1___, enabling it to support the weight of the ___2___, ___3___, ___4___, and ___5___.
1. largest
2. head,
3. neck
4. trunk
5. upper limbs
123
The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra are ___1___ and have no ___2___.
1. shorter
2. no costal facets
124
Superior view of a typical lumbar vertebrae regions.
125
The ______ is comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine
sacrum
126
The base of the sacrum is the widest portion, which articulates with the ______ above it.
L5 vertebra
127
The coccyx is comprised of ___1___ fused vertebrae, which typically begin to fuse by around age ___2___.
1. four to five
2. 25
128
The sacrum and coccyx provide attachment sites for many ___1___ and ___2___.
1. ligaments
2. tendons
129
The stability of the sacrum, coccyx, and ligaments anchoring them to the pelvis are key for ______.
pelvic stability
130
Posterior view of the sacrum (blue) and coccyx with bone landmarks.
131
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
132
All twelve pairs of ribs connect directly to the ______ posteriorly.
thoracic vertebrae
133
Ribs ______ connect directly to the sternum.
1-7
134
Ribs ______ connect to the sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage to the sternum.
8-10
135
The lower two pairs of ribs, ribs ______, are called "______" because they do not attach to the sternum.
1. 11-12
2. floating ribs
136
The sternum is comprised of what three parts?
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process.
137
Anterior view of the ribs and sternum
