1.1: Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body Flashcards
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A
2
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A
3
Q
Anatomy focuses on the ___1___ and how it is ___2___, and physiology looks at how the body ___3___.
A
- structure of the body
- designed
- functions
4
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The physiology of the body depends on the ______.
A
Anatomy of the body
5
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The physiology of how the organs function depends on ______.
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The structure of the bones
6
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_____ are hard structures made of mineral deposits that protect the organs from damage.
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Bones
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Bones are…….
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……..hard structures made of mineral deposits that protect the organs from damage.
8
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Studying the human body at the ______ is to look at atoms, which are the smallest building blocks of matter.
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Chemical Level
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Studying the human body at the chemical level is to…..
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…..look at atoms, which are the smallest building blocks of matter.
10
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_____combine to form molecules
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Atoms
11
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Atoms combine to form _____
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Molecules
12
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______ combine to form macromolecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids).
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Molecules
13
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Molecules combine to form ______
A
Macromolecules
14
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Macromolecules combine to form…..
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……..organelles (working structures) inside of each human cell.
15
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______combine to form organelles (working structures) inside of each human cell.
A
Macromolecules
16
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Cells are the ___1___ units of living organisms and comprise the ___2___ of structural organization.
A
- Smallest
- Cellular Level
17
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There are many different types of cells in the body that perform various functions; together, they form the ______ Level.
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Tissues Level
18
Q
______ are groups of cells that perform a common function.
A
Tissues
19
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Tissues are groups of cells that……
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……..perform a common function.
20
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What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?
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- Epithelium
- Muscle
- Connective
- Nervous
21
Q
Epithelial tissue covers the ___1___ and lines the ___2___ of the body.
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- Body Surface
- Cavaties
22
Q
Which one of the four basic Tissue Types found in humans Covers the Body Surface and Lines the Cavities of the Body?
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Epithelial Tissue
23
Q
The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as ___1___ and ___2___.
A
- Secretion
- Absorption
24
Q
Which one of the four basic Tissue Types found in humans specializes in Secretion and Absorption?
A
Epithelial Tissue
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The structure of epithelial tissue contains closely packed ___1___ with very little ___2___.
1. Cells
2. Matrix (layer outside the cells).
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True or False: Epithelial tissue can be found as one layer or in many layers.
True
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True or False: Epithelial tissue can only be found as one layer.
False
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Cells in Epithelial Tissues are under constant cell division to replace......
......dead cells that shed away.
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Which tissue type is under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away?
Epithelial Tissue
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What is displayed in the image?
Epithelial tissue lining the cavities inside the body shown in pink
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______ Tissue enables us to move.
Muscle Tissue
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Muscle tissue enables us to ______
Move
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The cells that make up muscle tissue are specialized for ______.
Muscle Contraction
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Connective tissue offers......
......support and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments.
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______ Tissue offers support and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments.
Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue cells are specialized to......
......bind tissues together and play a supportive role.
37
Which Tissue type has cells that are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role?
Connective Tissue
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Nervous tissue is responsible for......
......the communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly. Nerves are like the “wiring” of the body.
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______ Tissue is responsible for the communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly.
Nervous Tisuue
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Nervous Tissue is responsible for the ___1___ between the cells of the body by forming a system of ___2___ that communicate very rapidly.
1. Communication
2. Electrical Impulses
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Together the tissues make up the ______ level of the body
Organ Structure
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What are the 11 Organ Systems?
1. Cardiovascular system
2. integumentary system
3. skeletal system
4. muscular system
5. nervous system
6. endocrine system
7. lymphatic system
8. respiratory system
9. digestive system
10. urinary system
11. reproductive system.
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How many Organ Systems are there?
11
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Skin is made up of layers. The layers are ___1___, ___2___, and the ___3___.
1. epidermis (outer layer)
2. dermis (middle layer)
3. hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer)
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The outer layer of skin is called the ____.
Epidermis
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The middle layer of skin is called the _____.
Dermis
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The inner layer of skin is called the ___1___, but may also be referred to as ___2___
1. Hypodermis
2. Subcutaneous Tissue Layer
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The Epidermis is located in which layer of skin?
Outer Layer
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The Dermis is located in which layer of skin?
Middle Layer
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The Hypodermis (a.k.a. Subcutaneous Tissue Layer) is located in which layer of skin?
Inner Layer
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The hypodermis is a layer made mostly of.......
......fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells.
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The ______ is a layer made mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells.
Hypodermis
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The hypodermis is a layer made mostly of ___1___ that helps ___2___ the ___3___ to a layer of ___4___.
1. Fat
2. Anchor
3. Dermis
4. Fat Cells
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______ help to insulate and regulate body temperature.
Adipocytes (fat cells)
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Adipocytes (fat cells) help to......
......insulate and regulate body temperature.
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Adipocytes (fat cells) help to ___1___ and ___2___ body temperature.
1. Insulate
2. Regulate
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Skin forms the ___1___ covering and protects the ___2___ from injury.
1. external body
2. deeper tissues
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The integumentary system produces ___1___ and contains the ___2___ receptors and ___2___ receptors used in our protection.
1. Vitamin D
2. Pain & Pressure
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True or False: The Integumentary Systems Produces Vitamin D
True
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True or False: Our skin plays an important role in protecting our internal organs from extreme temperature changes.
True
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True or False: Sweat glands and oil glands can also be found in the skin.
True
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If the integumentary system is damaged and microbes or chemicals make their way into the body, the ______ system is responsible for mounting the attack to defend our internal environment.
Lymphatic System
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1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis
4. Sensory Nerves
5. Hair Shaft
6. Hair Root
7. Sweat Gland
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______ System Serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs.
Skeletal System
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Skeletal System serves as the framework for the ___1___ system and supports the ___2___.
1. Muscular System
2. Body Organs
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The ______ system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals.
Skeletal System
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The Skeletal system also provides protection for ___1___ and houses ___2___ as well as stores ___3___.
1. Internal Organs
2. Blood Cells
3. Minerals
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The ______ system provides the framework for which the muscles attach.
Skeletal System
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The skeletal system provides the framework for which the ______ attach.
Muscles
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______ System Allows for movement of the body.
Muscular Sytem
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Muscular System allows for ______ of the body.
Movement
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Muscles attach to ___1___ to bring movement to the ___2___ system.
1. Bones
2. Skeletal System
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What are the three types of muscle fibers?
1. Cardiac
2. Skeletal
3. Smooth
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1. Cardiac Muscle Cell
2. Skeletal Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle Cell
4. Muscle Fiber
5. Striations
6. Nucleus
7. Intercalated Disk
8. Nucleus
9. Muscle Fiber (cell)
10. Striations
11. Muscle Fiber
12. Nucleus
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Which muscle fibers are involuntary?
Smooth & Cardiac
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______ System provides internal communication among the cells of the body.
Nervous Sytem
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Nervous System provides......
......internal communication among the cells of the body.
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Our ______ uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments.
Nervous System
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Our nervous system uses ___1___ to communicate within the body and enable the body to ___2___ to the ___3___ and ___3___ environments.
1. Electrical Impulses
2. Respond
3. Internal & External
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What are the key components of the nervous system?
1. Brain
2. Nerves
3. Spinal Cord
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______ System breaks down food into small molecules. Those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients.
Digestive System
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The Digestive System......
......breaks down food into small molecules. Those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients.
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1. Serosa
2. Mucosa
3. Submucosa
4. Muscularis
5. Esophagus
6. Stomach
7. Appendix
8. Small Intestine
9. Large Intestine
10. Rectum
11. Anus
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Where does the digestive start?
The Mouth
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True or False: The Digestive system starts in the mouth.
True
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True or False: The Digestive system starts in the stomach.
False
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The Digestive System is specialized in ______.
Absorbing Nutrients
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______ is made up of glands that make hormones, which regulate the reproductive system and the metabolism of the body.
Endocrine System
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Endocrine System is made up of......
......glands that make hormones, which regulate the reproductive system and the metabolism of the body.
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Endocrine System is made up of ___1___ that make ___2___, which regulate the ___3___ system and the ___4___ of the body.
1. Glands
2. Hormones
3. Reproductive System
4. Metabolism
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1. Thyroid Glands
2. Adrenal Glands
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______ is all the chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function.
Metabolism
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Metabolism is all the ______ that take place in the body that enable us to function.
Chemical Reactions
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______ is the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks.
Catabolism
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______ is the synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones.
Anabolism
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______ is a very energy-rich molecule that powers cellular activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
ATP
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ATP is a very ___1___ molecule that powers ___2___, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
1. Energy rich
2. Cellular Activities
98
What are the 3 steps in creating ATP?
1. The body breaks down a glucose molecule (with six carbon atoms) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, creating two ATP molecules.
2. In the citric acid cycle the body breaks down the pyruvic acid molecules to create 2 more ATP molecules and release electrons.
3. In the electron transport chain the body uses electrons to produce most of its ATP.
99
What is the FIRST step in the creation of ATP?
GLYCOLYSIS: The body breaks down a glucose molecule (with six carbon atoms) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, creating two ATP molecules.
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What is the SECOND step in the creation of ATP?
CITRIC ACID CYCLE: In the citric acid cycle the body breaks down the pyruvic acid molecules to create 2 more ATP molecules and release electrons.
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What is the THIRD step in the creation of ATP?
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC): In the electron transport chain the body uses electrons to produce most of its ATP.
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How much ATP is created from one Glucose molecule?
In total, this process can create up to 38 ATP from one glucose molecule to fuel cellular processes.
103
1. Glycolysis
2. C6 ---> 2P + 2 ATP
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. P ---> 2 ATP
5. Electron Transport Chain
6. +36-38 ATP
104
______ is made up of blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
Cardiovascular System
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Cardiovascular System is made up of ___1___ that move ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___ throughout the body.
1. Blood Vessels
2. Blood
3. Oxygen
4. Nutrients
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______ System is responsible for immunity and fighting off disease.
Lymphatic System
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The Lymphatic System is responsible for ___1___ and ___2___.
1. Immunity
2. Fighting off Diesease
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The lymphatic system is also a part of the ______ system.
Circulatory System
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The ______ system has a complex network of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart.
Lymphatic System
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The Lymphatic System has a complex network of ___1___ and ___2___ that allow for the excess ___3___ to drain back to the ___4___.
1. Vessels
2. Nodes
3. Fluid
4. Heart
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1. Thymus
2. Spleen
3. Lymph Nodes
4. Lymph Vessel
112
______ System is involved in the excretion of the waste CO2, which is a byproduct of metabolism.
Respiratory System
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Respiratory System is involved in the excretion of the ___1___, which is a byproduct of ___2___.
1. Waste CO2
2. Metabolism
114
The ______ also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen.
Respiratory System
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The respiratory system also keeps the blood supplied with ______.
Oxygen
116
1. Trachea
2. Bronchial Tree (internal view of right lung)
3. Cartilagenous rings of Trachea
4. Left Lung
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______Systems is responsible for creating new life.
Reproductive System
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Reproductive Systems is responsible for ______
Creating new Life
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The ______ system involves cellular reproduction in which the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that are often used for body growth or repair.
Reproductive System
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The reproductive system involves ___1___ in which the original cell divides, producing two identical ___2___ that are often used for body ___3___ or ___4___.
1. Cellular Reproduction
2. Daughter Cells
3. Growth
4. Repair
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In human reproduction, a ___1___ cell unites with an ___2___ and ___3___ it to form a baby within the mother's ___4___.
1. Male Sperm
2. Oocyte (egg)
3. Fertilizes
4. Uterus
122
The ______ system is controlled by hormones from the endocrine system
Reproductive System
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The reproductive system is controlled by ___1___ from the ___2___ system
1. Hormones
2. Endocrine System
124
Male and Female sex cells, sperm and oocyte, come together to form a new cell called a ______.
Zygote
125
A Zygote is formed when......
......male and female sex cells, sperm and oocyte, come together.
126
A ______ cell carries the entire genetic code necessary to form a baby.
Zygote
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______ System is involved in excretion of waste from the body.
Urinary System
129
The ______ system also intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood.
Urinary System
130
The urinary system also intricately regulates the ___1___ and ___2___ balance in the blood.
1. Water
2. Electrolytes
131
The ___1___ system, ___2___ system, and ___3___ system help to move nutrients and waste through the body.
1. Cardiovascular System
2. Digestive System
3. Urinary System
132
The cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system help to move ___1___ and ___2___ through the body.
1. Nutrients
2. Waste
133
The actual ability to remove waste from the body is known as ___1___ and is carried out by the ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___ systems.
1. Excretion
2. Digestive System
3. Urinary System
4. Respiratory System
134
The actual ability to remove waste from the body is known as ______.
Excretion
135
______ process blood plasma to form urine for excretion.
Nephrons
136
Nephrons process ___1___ to form ___2___ for excretion.
1. Blood Plasma
2. Urine
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What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
