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Anatomy 1 > 3.5: Physiology of the GI Tract Part II: Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

3.5: Physiology of the GI Tract Part II: Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

______ is a set of chemical reactions that are essential for the body to sustain life.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Metabolism is…….

A

Metabolism is a set of chemical reactions that are essential for the body to sustain life.

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3
Q

______ is the set of reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make larger, more complex molecules.

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Anabolism is……

A

Anabolism is the set of reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make larger, more complex molecules.

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5
Q

______ is the set of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down to be used as energy sources for the body.

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

Catabolism is…….

A

Catabolism is the set of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down to be used as energy sources for the body.

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7
Q

the ______ process is often used during growth and repair phases of the cell.

A

anabolic

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8
Q

The most widely used form of energy in the cells is ______.

A

adenosine triphosphate or ATP

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9
Q

If a phosphate group is removed from ATP it becomes ______.

A

adenosine diphosphate or ADP

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10
Q

ATP has energy to___1___, while ADP can ___2___ energy (phosphate group) to become ATP.

A
  1. donate
  2. accept
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11
Q

By donating available phosphate groups, ATP transfers energy from ___1___ reactions to be used for___2___.

A
  1. catabolic (breaking down)
  2. anabolism (building up)
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12
Q

______ is defined as the process by which cells generate ATP.

A

Cellular respiration

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13
Q

what is Cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is defined as the process by which cells generate ATP.

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14
Q

Most organisms carry out aerobic respiration, which requires ___1___ and releases ___2___,___3___, and ___4___.

A
  1. oxygen and a fuel (glucose, for example)
  2. carbon dioxide
  3. water
  4. ATP
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15
Q

___1___ are the main source of energy for cells with the body digesting carbohydrates into ___2___.

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. glucose
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16
Q

True or False: Glucose metabolism is used by the body primarily during high energy demands.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: As glucose is one of the most abundant biomolecules, the catabolism of glucose is an important metabolic pathway used by microorganisms for ATP production.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the chemical make up of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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19
Q

The complete catabolism of a single molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) yields up to ______ ATP and involves three distinct transitions.

A

38

20
Q

What are the steps to glucose metabolizing?

A
  1. glycolysis (2 ATP)
  2. fermentation or respiration (2 ATP)
  3. electron transport chain produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
21
Q

______ begins with the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose into two pyruvate molecules.

A

Glycolysis

22
Q

______ is an aerobic process (oxygen must be present) used by cells to produce energy.

A

Cellular respiration

23
Q

What is Cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process (oxygen must be present) used by cells to produce energy.

24
Q

Respiration takes place inside and around the double membrane-enclosed organelle known as the ______.

A

mitochondria

25
Q

Fermentation, on the other hand, takes place in the absence of ______.

A

oxygen

26
Q

The central pathway of respiration is called the ______.

A

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs Cycle or the citric acid cycle.

27
Q

In the TCA cycle, the pyruvic acid (product of glycolysis) is converted to ______ forming some additional ATP.

A

carbon dioxide

28
Q

At its conclusion, the TCA cycle produces ___1___ ATP in total (one for each pyruvate processed) and an abundance of electron carriers, known as ___2___.

A
  1. 2
  2. NADH and FADH2
29
Q

What is the primary function of the TCA cycle?

A

The production of electron carriers, known as NADH and FADH2, as the transfer of these electrons will fuel the generation of ATP via the electron transport system.

30
Q

As electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to ______, energy is released and captured by electron acceptor proteins located in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

A

terminal electron acceptors (O2; aerobic respiration)

31
Q

Electrons are then passed down a chain of electron acceptors (thus the name) causing ______to be pumped out of the membrane.

A

protons (H+; positive charge)

32
Q

The ___1___ drives H+ back through the ___2___, also located in the membrane, resulting in the production of up to ___3___ molecules of ATP.

A
  1. proton motive force
  2. ATP synthase complex
  3. 34
33
Q

Under aerobic conditions (in the presence of oxygen), the complete catabolism of glucose yields ___1___ ATP from glycolysis, ___2___ ATP from the TCA cycle and ___3___ ATP from the electron transport system, for a total of ___4___ ATP from a single glucose molecule.

A
  1. 2
  2. 2
  3. 34
  4. 38
34
Q

______ occurs in the liver by a process known as beta-oxidation.

A

Lipid metabolism

35
Q

Lipid metabolism occurs in the ___1___ by a process known as ___2___.

A
  1. liver
  2. beta-oxidation
36
Q

Lipids are used by the body primarily during ______.

A

low energy activities

37
Q

True or False: Lipid metabolism yields half the amount of ATP than when a carbohydrate or protein is broken down.

A

False. Lipid metabolism yields TWICE the amount of ATP than when a carbohydrate or protein is broken down.

38
Q

A fat molecule is broken down in the mitochondria to form ______.

A

acetic acid

39
Q

Acetic acid is further catabolized by the TCA cycle to ___1___ forming some ___2___.

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. ATP molecules
40
Q

______ metabolism only takes place when carbohydrates and fats are unavailable to the body.

A

Protein

41
Q

Protein metabolism only takes place when___1___ and ___2___ are unavailable to the body.

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. fats
42
Q

Proteins are the ______ for the cells and saved as a last resort.

A
  1. building blocks
43
Q

When proteins must be used to form ATP, the ___1___ is removed from the protein to form ___2___.

A
  1. amino group
  2. ammonia
44
Q

True or False: Ammonia is harmful to the body and must be converted to a different form.

A

True

45
Q

Ammonia is combined with ___1___ in the liver to make ___2___.

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. urea
46
Q

Urea is then excreted from the body in ______.

A

urine

47
Q
A

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down a 6-carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. This process yields 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

Anatomy 1 (22 decks)

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