4.3: Physiology of the Skeletal System: Bone Development & Cells

Question 1

True or False: Bone is a living tissue that continually renews itself.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A longitudinal section of a typical long bone shows that it is not solid but has a ___1___ cavity filled with ___2___.

Answer 2

1. medullary
2. bone marrow

Question 3

______ bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.

Answer 3

Yellow

Question 4

Where is yellow bone merrow primarily found?

Answer 4

long bones

Question 5

______ bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.

Answer 5

Red

Question 6

Where is red bone marrow primarily found?

Answer 6

short and flat bones

Question 7

Newborns have all ___1___ bone marrow, and over time it is converted to ___2___ bone marrow in long bones.

Answer 7

1. red
2. yellow

Question 8

The medullary or marrow cavity extends throughout the ______, or center length of the bone.

Answer 8

diaphysis

Question 9

Surrounding the marrow cavity is a layer of ______ that is thickest at the ends of the bone.

Answer 9

spongy bone

Question 10

The solid outer layer of the bone is called ______.

Answer 10

compact bone

Question 11

On the ends of each long bone are called ___1___ and ___2___

Answer 11

1. proximal epiphysis
2. distal epiphysis.

Question 12

Within the joints, there is a layer of ______ to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely.

Answer 12

articular cartilage

Question 13

______ is another type of connective tissue, but the matrix is flexible.

Answer 13

Cartilage

Question 14

______ is cartilage found specifically at joint articulations.

Answer 14

Articular cartilage

Question 15

Answer 15

Typical bone structure of a long bone. The femur is pictured above.

Question 16

Compact bone contains many osteons (formerly called Haversian systems) in which ___1___ (bone cells) in tiny chambers called ___2___ are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.

Answer 16

1. osteocytes
2. lacunae

Question 17

The center canals of bones contain ___1___ and ___2___.

Answer 17

1. blood vessels
2. nerves

Question 18

The blood vessels bring the nutrients that allow the bone to______.

Answer 18

renew itself.

Question 19

The ______ are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts.

Answer 19

lacunae

Question 20

The lacunae are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of ___1___ and mineral deposits, primarily of ___2___ and ___3___.

Answer 20

1. collagen
2. calcium
3. phosphorus salts

Question 21

Compact bone is usually found on the ___1___ of the bone and surrounds an interior of ___2___.

Answer 21

1. surface
2. spongy bone

Question 22

______ bone contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces.

Answer 22

Spongy

Question 23

Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for ______.

Answer 23

strength

Question 24

Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow ______.

Answer 24

lines of stress

Question 25

Answer 25

Interior of a typical long bone.

Question 26

In the adult, bone is continually being what?

Answer 26

bone is continually being broken down and built up again.

Question 27

Bone absorbing cells, called ______, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood

Answer 27

osteoclasts

Question 28

The destruction caused by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by ______.

Answer 28

osteoblasts

Question 29

As they form new bone, ______ take calcium from the blood.

Answer 29

osteoblasts

Question 30

As they form new bone, osteoblasts take ___1___ from the ___2___.

Answer 30

1. calcium 2. blood

Question 31

Eventually, some of the osteoblasts cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to ______, the cells found within the lacunae of osteons.

Answer 31

osteocytes

Question 32

Through a process of remodeling, old bone tissue is replaced by what?

Answer 32

new bone tissue.

Question 33

True or False: Because of continual remodeling, the thickness of bones can change.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

___1___ and ___2___ can also affect the thickness of bones.

Answer 34

1. Physical use 2. hormone balance

Question 35

Adults and children alike require regular ______ in the diet to promote the work of osteoblasts.

Answer 35

calcium

Question 36

Answer 36

Bone cells: Osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts.

Question 37

Most of the bones of the human skeleton are ______ during prenatal development.

Answer 37

cartilaginous

Question 38

The cartilaginous models are converted to bones, a process called ___1___, when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called ___2___.

Answer 38

1. ossification 2. osteoblasts

Question 39

The cartilaginous models are converted to bones, a process called ossification, when ___1___ are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor ___2___ and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.

Answer 39

1. calcium salts 2. cartilaginous cells

Question 40

______ is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage.

Answer 40

Endochondral ossification

Question 41

Endochondral ossification begins at the ______ in the middle of the bone.

Answer 41

primary ossification center

Question 42

Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the ______, and then later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones.

Answer 42

medullary cavity

Question 43

A ___1___ remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length. This area is commonly referred to as the ___2___.

Answer 43

1. cartilaginous disk 2. growth plate

Question 44

The rate of growth of bones is controlled by what?

Answer 44

hormones, such as growth hormones and sex hormones.

Question 45

During ______, the disks become completely ossified and the bone stops growing.

Answer 45

puberty

Question 46

______ is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue.

Answer 46

Intramembranous ossification

Question 47

______ formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo.

Answer 47

Flat bone

Question 48

Flat bone formation begins with ______ differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo.

Answer 48

mesenchymal cells

Question 49

Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into ______.

Answer 49

osteocytes

Question 50

Once enough bone tissue is secreted, ______ develop into osteocytes.

Answer 50

osteoblasts

Question 51

True or False: Bone is a living tissue and able to repair itself when damaged.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

______ fractures occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin.

Answer 52

Closed (or simple)

Question 53

______ fracture occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.

Answer 53

open (or compound)

Question 54

______ fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across.

Answer 54

greenstick

Question 55

______ fracture happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments.

Answer 55

comminuted

Question 56

Which type of fracture occurs commonly in children because their bone tissue is still developing and soft?

Answer 56

greenstick

Question 57

______ fractures typically are repaired surgically.

Answer 57

Comminuted

Question 58

______ fracture occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

Answer 58

impacted

Question 59

Answer 59

Bone fracture types

Question 60

______ joints are subject to arthritis.

Answer 60

Synovial

Question 61

In ______, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Degenerative changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use.

Answer 61

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 62

In old-age arthritis, or ______, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates. The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint.

Answer 62

osteoarthritis

Question 63

Answer 63

Healthy cartilage in joint (left) and arthritis in joint (right)

Question 64

______ is a disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

Answer 64

Osteoporosis

Question 65

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 65

a disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

Question 66

What is being displayed in the picture?

Answer 66

Health bone tissue (left) and osteoporosis bone tissue (right)