4.3: Physiology of the Skeletal System: Bone Development & Cells Flashcards
True or False: Bone is a living tissue that continually renews itself.
True
A longitudinal section of a typical long bone shows that it is not solid but has a ___1___ cavity filled with ___2___.
- medullary
- bone marrow
______ bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.
Yellow
Where is yellow bone merrow primarily found?
long bones
______ bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.
Red
Where is red bone marrow primarily found?
short and flat bones
Newborns have all ___1___ bone marrow, and over time it is converted to ___2___ bone marrow in long bones.
- red
- yellow
The medullary or marrow cavity extends throughout the ______, or center length of the bone.
diaphysis
Surrounding the marrow cavity is a layer of ______ that is thickest at the ends of the bone.
spongy bone
The solid outer layer of the bone is called ______.
compact bone
On the ends of each long bone are called ___1___ and ___2___
- proximal epiphysis
- distal epiphysis.
Within the joints, there is a layer of ______ to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely.
articular cartilage
______ is another type of connective tissue, but the matrix is flexible.
Cartilage
______ is cartilage found specifically at joint articulations.
Articular cartilage
Typical bone structure of a long bone. The femur is pictured above.
Compact bone contains many osteons (formerly called Haversian systems) in which ___1___ (bone cells) in tiny chambers called ___2___ are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.
- osteocytes
- lacunae
The center canals of bones contain ___1___ and ___2___.
- blood vessels
- nerves
The blood vessels bring the nutrients that allow the bone to______.
renew itself.
The ______ are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts.
lacunae
The lacunae are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of ___1___ and mineral deposits, primarily of ___2___ and ___3___.
- collagen
- calcium
- phosphorus salts
Compact bone is usually found on the ___1___ of the bone and surrounds an interior of ___2___.
- surface
- spongy bone
______ bone contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces.
Spongy
Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for ______.
strength
Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow ______.
lines of stress
Interior of a typical long bone.
In the adult, bone is continually being what?
bone is continually being broken down and built up again.
Bone absorbing cells, called ______, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood
osteoclasts
The destruction caused by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by ______.
osteoblasts
As they form new bone, ______ take calcium from the blood.
osteoblasts
As they form new bone, osteoblasts take ___1___ from the ___2___.
- calcium
- blood
Eventually, some of the osteoblasts cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to ______, the cells found within the lacunae of osteons.
osteocytes
Through a process of remodeling, old bone tissue is replaced by what?
new bone tissue.
True or False: Because of continual remodeling, the thickness of bones can change.
True
___1___ and ___2___ can also affect the thickness of bones.
- Physical use
- hormone balance
Adults and children alike require regular ______ in the diet to promote the work of osteoblasts.
calcium
Bone cells: Osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts.
Most of the bones of the human skeleton are ______ during prenatal development.
cartilaginous
The cartilaginous models are converted to bones, a process called ___1___, when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called ___2___.
- ossification
- osteoblasts
The cartilaginous models are converted to bones, a process called ossification, when ___1___ are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor ___2___ and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.
- calcium salts
- cartilaginous cells
______ is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage.
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification begins at the ______ in the middle of the bone.
primary ossification center
Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the ______, and then later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones.
medullary cavity
A ___1___ remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length. This area is commonly referred to as the ___2___.
- cartilaginous disk
- growth plate
The rate of growth of bones is controlled by what?
hormones, such as growth hormones and sex hormones.
During ______, the disks become completely ossified and the bone stops growing.
puberty
______ is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue.
Intramembranous ossification
______ formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo.
Flat bone
Flat bone formation begins with ______ differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo.
mesenchymal cells
Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into ______.
osteocytes
Once enough bone tissue is secreted, ______ develop into osteocytes.
osteoblasts
True or False: Bone is a living tissue and able to repair itself when damaged.
True
______ fractures occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin.
Closed (or simple)
______ fracture occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.
open (or compound)
______ fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across.
greenstick
______ fracture happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments.
comminuted
Which type of fracture occurs commonly in children because their bone tissue is still developing and soft?
greenstick
______ fractures typically are repaired surgically.
Comminuted
______ fracture occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.
impacted
Bone fracture types
______ joints are subject to arthritis.
Synovial
In ______, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Degenerative changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use.
rheumatoid arthritis
In old-age arthritis, or ______, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates. The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint.
osteoarthritis
Healthy cartilage in joint (left) and arthritis in joint (right)
______ is a disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.
Osteoporosis
What is Osteoporosis?
a disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.
What is being displayed in the picture?
Health bone tissue (left) and osteoporosis bone tissue (right)
