Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 1 > 4.3: Physiology of the Skeletal System: Bone Development & Cells > Flashcards

4.3: Physiology of the Skeletal System: Bone Development & Cells Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Bone is a living tissue that continually renews itself.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A longitudinal section of a typical long bone shows that it is not solid but has a ___1___ cavity filled with ___2___.

A
  1. medullary
  2. bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.

A

Yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is yellow bone merrow primarily found?

A

long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is red bone marrow primarily found?

A

short and flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Newborns have all ___1___ bone marrow, and over time it is converted to ___2___ bone marrow in long bones.

A
  1. red
  2. yellow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The medullary or marrow cavity extends throughout the ______, or center length of the bone.

A

diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Surrounding the marrow cavity is a layer of ______ that is thickest at the ends of the bone.

A

spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The solid outer layer of the bone is called ______.

A

compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

On the ends of each long bone are called ___1___ and ___2___

A
  1. proximal epiphysis
  2. distal epiphysis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Within the joints, there is a layer of ______ to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely.

A

articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ is another type of connective tissue, but the matrix is flexible.

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

______ is cartilage found specifically at joint articulations.

A

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Typical bone structure of a long bone. The femur is pictured above.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Compact bone contains many osteons (formerly called Haversian systems) in which ___1___ (bone cells) in tiny chambers called ___2___ are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.

A
  1. osteocytes
  2. lacunae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The center canals of bones contain ___1___ and ___2___.

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The blood vessels bring the nutrients that allow the bone to______.

A

renew itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ______ are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts.

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The lacunae are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of ___1___ and mineral deposits, primarily of ___2___ and ___3___.

A
  1. collagen
  2. calcium
  3. phosphorus salts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compact bone is usually found on the ___1___ of the bone and surrounds an interior of ___2___.

A
  1. surface
  2. spongy bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

______ bone contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces.

A

Spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for ______.

A

strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow ______.

A

lines of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
A

Interior of a typical long bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the adult, bone is continually being what?

A

bone is continually being broken down and built up again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bone absorbing cells, called ______, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood

A

osteoclasts

28
Q

The destruction caused by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by ______.

A

osteoblasts

29
Q

As they form new bone, ______ take calcium from the blood.

A

osteoblasts

30
Q

As they form new bone, osteoblasts take ___1___ from the ___2___.

A
  1. calcium
  2. blood
31
Q

Eventually, some of the osteoblasts cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to ______, the cells found within the lacunae of osteons.

A

osteocytes

32
Q

Through a process of remodeling, old bone tissue is replaced by what?

A

new bone tissue.

33
Q

True or False: Because of continual remodeling, the thickness of bones can change.

A

True

34
Q

___1___ and ___2___ can also affect the thickness of bones.

A
  1. Physical use
  2. hormone balance
35
Q

Adults and children alike require regular ______ in the diet to promote the work of osteoblasts.

A

calcium

36
Q
A

Bone cells: Osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts.

37
Q

Most of the bones of the human skeleton are ______ during prenatal development.

A

cartilaginous

38
Q

The cartilaginous models are converted to bones, a process called ___1___, when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called ___2___.

A
  1. ossification
  2. osteoblasts
39
Q

The cartilaginous models are converted to bones, a process called ossification, when ___1___ are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor ___2___ and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.

A
  1. calcium salts
  2. cartilaginous cells
40
Q

______ is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage.

A

Endochondral ossification

41
Q

Endochondral ossification begins at the ______ in the middle of the bone.

A

primary ossification center

42
Q

Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the ______, and then later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones.

A

medullary cavity

43
Q

A ___1___ remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length. This area is commonly referred to as the ___2___.

A
  1. cartilaginous disk
  2. growth plate
44
Q

The rate of growth of bones is controlled by what?

A

hormones, such as growth hormones and sex hormones.

45
Q

During ______, the disks become completely ossified and the bone stops growing.

A

puberty

46
Q

______ is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue.

A

Intramembranous ossification

47
Q

______ formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo.

A

Flat bone

48
Q

Flat bone formation begins with ______ differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo.

A

mesenchymal cells

49
Q

Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into ______.

A

osteocytes

50
Q

Once enough bone tissue is secreted, ______ develop into osteocytes.

A

osteoblasts

51
Q

True or False: Bone is a living tissue and able to repair itself when damaged.

A

True

52
Q

______ fractures occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin.

A

Closed (or simple)

53
Q

______ fracture occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.

A

open (or compound)

54
Q

______ fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across.

A

greenstick

55
Q

______ fracture happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments.

A

comminuted

56
Q

Which type of fracture occurs commonly in children because their bone tissue is still developing and soft?

A

greenstick

57
Q

______ fractures typically are repaired surgically.

A

Comminuted

58
Q

______ fracture occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

A

impacted

59
Q
A

Bone fracture types

60
Q

______ joints are subject to arthritis.

A

Synovial

61
Q

In ______, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Degenerative changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use.

A

rheumatoid arthritis

62
Q

In old-age arthritis, or ______, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates. The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint.

A

osteoarthritis

63
Q
A

Healthy cartilage in joint (left) and arthritis in joint (right)

64
Q

______ is a disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

A

Osteoporosis

65
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

a disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

66
Q

What is being displayed in the picture?

A

Health bone tissue (left) and osteoporosis bone tissue (right)

Anatomy 1 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions