1.3: The Cell Flashcards
The ______ is the basic unit of life.
Cell
The cell is the ______ of life.
Basic Unit of Life
A cell is the ______ that can carry out all activities we associate with life.
Smallest Unit
A ______ is the smallest unit that can carry out all activities we associate with life.
Cell
The ______says that cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organisms and that all cells come from other cells.
Cell Theory
What is the Cell Theory?
The cell theory says that cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organisms and that all cells come from other cells.
Who established the Cell Theory?
The cell theory was established through the work of German scientists, Schleidan, Schwann and Virchow.
A ______ is a device that passes light through a thin sample of the cell medium and then through a magnifying lens to be seen by the human eye.
light microscope
What is a Light Microscope?
A light microscope is a device that passes light through a thin sample of the cell medium and then through a magnifying lens to be seen by the human eye.
______can be used for energy conversion and for synthesis of needed compounds.
Organelles
Why are cells so small?
As a cell grows, the surface-area-to-volume ratio changes. Cells need to remain relatively small because, as a cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because, relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes, such as diffusion, can all occur faster. Cells and organelles that are actively carrying out biochemical processes have adaptations in addition to their small size that greatly increase their surface area.
Everything that enters or leaves a cell must pass through its ______.
Plasma Membrane
The ______ surrounds all cells and contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials in and out of the cell.
Plasma Membrane
What does the Plasma Membrane do?
The plasma membrane surrounds all cells and contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials in and out of the cell.
- Extracellular Fluid
- Pore
- Channel
- Phospholipid Bilayer
- Integral Protein
- Integral Protein
- Polar Head (hydrophilic)
- Fatty Acid Tail (hydrophobic)
What are the two basic cell types?
The two basic types of cells are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria are what type of cell?
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells are considered simple cells for what three reasons?
- They are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope.
- The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”).
- Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotic cells.
What does PROKARYOTIC actually mean?
Prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”
Ribosomes are composed of ___1___ and synthesize ___2___ for use by the cell
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- Proteins
True or False: Ribosomes are surrounded by a membrane
False
True or False: Ribosomes are NOT surrounded by a membrane
True
Membranes provide a location for ______ processes to occur.
Metabolic
______ provide a location for metabolic processes to occur.
Membranes
Because prokaryotes lack ______, the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is often folded inward to create numerous folds where metabolic processes take place.
Organelles with Membranes
Because prokaryotes lack organelles with membranes, the ___1___ of a prokaryotic cell is often ___2___ to create numerous folds where ___3___ take place.
- Plasma Membrane
- Folded Inward
- Metabolic Processes
- Capsule
- Cell Wall
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- Plasmid
- Pili
- Bacterial Flagellum
- Nucleoid (Circular DNA)
______ is a type of food poisoning that can lead to paralysis and sometimes death
Botulism
What is Botulism?
Botulism is a type of food poisoning that can lead to paralysis and sometimes death
______ can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an endospore, which is released by the bacterium under adverse conditions.
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum, can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an ______, which is released by the bacterium under adverse conditions.
Endospore
Plants, animals, and humans all possess ______ cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
___1___, ___2___, and ___3___ all possess eukaryotic cells.
- Plants
- Animals
- Humans
______ are ten to one hundred times larger than prokaryotic cells, possess a nuclear membrane (eukaryotic means “true nucleus”), and contain many membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells (complex cells)
Eukaryotic cells (complex cells) are ___1___ times larger than ___2___ cells, possess a ___3___membrane (eukaryotic means “true nucleus”), and contain many membrane-bound ___4___
- 10 to 100 times larger
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Nuclear Membrane
- Membrane-Bound Organelles
Why are Membranes important to a Complex Cell?
Membranes are the forming of compartments within organelles where reactants are more likely to come into contact or keep certain compounds away from one another, as well as to form a work surface where many enzymes can congregate to complete a complex reaction.
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Nucleolus
- Ribosomes
- Peroxisome
- Nuclear Envelope
- Cytoplasm
- Lysosome
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus/Complex
True or False: Eukaryotic cells have organelles inside each cell
True
True or False: Some Eukaryotic cells have organelles inside them while others do not
False
The nucleus is surrounded by a ______
nuclear membrane (envelope)
The ______ is surrounded by a nuclear membrane (envelope)
Nucleus
The ______ is the most prominent organelle in the cell .
Nucleus
The ______ contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell.
Nucleus
The Nucleus contains ___1___ and serves as the ___2___ of the cell.
- DNA
- Control Center
______ is composed of sequences of nucleotides.
DNA
DNA is composed of sequences of ______.
Nucleotides
______ are the organized or “packaged” form of DNA inside a cell.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are the ___1___form of ___2___ inside a cell.
- organized or “packaged”
- DNA
Sections of nucleotide sequences that determine what proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes are known as ______.
Genes
Sections of ___1___ sequences that determine what ___2___ are synthesized in the ___3___ are known as Genes.
- Nucleotide
- Proteins
- Ribosomes
The information from the DNA is transferred to the ribosomes by ______.
Messenger RNA (mRNA).
The information from the ___1___ is transferred to the ___2___ by messenger RNA (mRNA).
- DNA
- Ribosomes
There are several forms of RNA found in a cell, but the RNA found in the ribosomes is called ______ and synthesized in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
There are several forms of RNA found in a cell, but the RNA found in the ___1___ is called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and synthesized in a region of the nucleus called the ___2___.
- Ribosomes
- Nucleolues
- Nucleus
- DNA
- Nucleolus
______ are tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are tiny manufacturing plants that assemble ______.
Proteins
Ribosomes contain ___1___ plus the ___2___ necessary to form ___3___ bonds between ___4___.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Enzymes
- Peptide
- Amino Acids
______ contain ribosomal RNA plus the enzymes necessary to form peptide bonds between amino acids.
Ribosomes
Each type of cell produces a ______ combination of proteins.
Unique
The unique sequence of ______ in a cell serves as a code that specifies the order in which amino acids are assembled.
DNA Nucleotides
The unique sequence of DNA nucleotides in a cell serves as a code that specifies the order in which ______ are assembled.
Amino Acids
- Nuclear Envelope
- Nuclear Pores
- (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
The ______ is a maze of tightly packed and flattened, sac-like structures that form interconnected compartments within the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
When ribosomes are located on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called the ______.
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
The ______ is an extension of the outer membrane of the nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The ER is an extension of the ______.
outer membrane of the nucleus.
After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they are modified and transported by the ______.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
After proteins are ___1___ by the ___2___, they are ___3___ and ___4___ by the ER.
- Assembled
- Ribosomes
- Modified
- Transported
There are two continuous sections to the endoplasmic reticulum known as ___1___ and ___2___.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
There are two continuous sections to the endoplasmic reticulum known as ___1___ and ___2___.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ______ has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids.
Smooth ER
The Smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for the ______.
synthesis of lipids
______ cells possess extensive amounts of smooth ER.
Human Liver
Human liver cells possess extensive amounts of ______.
Smooth ER
True or False: cholesterol is a major component of cell membranes
True
Where is Cholesterol formed?
The Smooth ER
Both types of ER possess a large variety of ___1___ that catalyze (speed up) ___2___.
- Enzymes
- Chemical Reactions
- Free Ribosomes
- Attached Ribosomes
- Rough ER
- Golgi Apparatus
The ______ includes the fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside of the nucleus.
Cytoplasm (Cytosol)
The ______ is an organelle made up of a stack of many flattened sacs called cisternae.
Golgi Complex
The Golgi complex is an organelle made up of a stack of many flattened sacs called ______.
Cisternae
Parts of the Golgi complex are ___1___; however, most form ___1___ compartments.
- Connected
- Separate
The ______ is responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.
Golgi Complex
The Golgi complex is responsible for receiving ___1___ and ___2___ synthesized by the ___3___, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.
- Lipids
- Proteins
- endoplasmic reticulum
As portions pinch off from the Golgi membrane forming enclosed sacs called ___1___, they and their contents can be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell through the cell membrane
- Vesicles
True or False: Fusion can occur because all membranes within the cell are structured similarly.
True
The Golgi complex also produces small sacs of digestive enzymes called ______.
Lysosomes
______ can also fuse with other vesicles containing harmful bacteria and then the bacteria can be degraded into its components.
Lysosomes
In the genetic disease known as ______, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.
Tay-Sachs
What is Tay-Sachs?
A genetic disease in which one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.
______ is the organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for converting the ___1___ found in food into ___2___.
- Chemical Energy
- ATP
ATP stands for ______.
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP?
ATP is a high-energy molecule that provides energy for the cell.
Define Aerobic Cellular Respiration
During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food (usually in the form of glucose). Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are produced. Notice that this is very much like respiration (breathing) in your lungs, but at the cellular level. It is through the lungs that the necessary oxygen is obtained to be used by the cells for respiration.
Each mitochondrion is bound by a ______.
Double Membrane
- ATP Synthase Particles
- Matrix
- Inter Membrane Space
- Cristae
- Ribosomes
- Granules
- DNA
- Outer Membrane
- Inner Membrane
______ cells also contain a cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic Cells
The ______ consists of a network of protein fibers that provide structural support and movement within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton consists of a network of protein fibers that provide ___1___ and ___2___ within the cell.
- Structural Support
- Movement
What are the two types of protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton, that can also be rapidly assembled and disassembled?
- Microfilaments
- Microtubules
______ are hollow cylinders (like a tube) that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division and in the structure of cilia and flagella.
Microtubules
Microtubules are ___1___ that are involved in the movement of ___2___ during ___3___ and in the structure of ___4___ and ___5___.
- Hollow Cylinders (like a tube)
- Chromosomes
- Cell Division
- Cilia
5.Flagella
______ is usually a long, whip-like structure that propels or pulls a single-celled organism through a watery medium.(Sper Cells)
Flagellum
In humans, ______ cells are found along the respiratory passageways for trapping and moving debris.
Ciliated
- Microtubules
- Centrosomes
In order for the microtubules to perform their job, they generally need to be ______ somewhere in the cell.
Anchored
Microtubule anchoring regions are called ______.
microtubule-organizing centers (MTOC’s)
During cell division, microtubules ___1___ from the ___2___ assisting in the movement of ___3___ into two new cells.
- Grow Outwards
- MTOC
- Chromosomes
Inside the MTOC of animal cells are usually found two ______.
Centrioles
The ______ are made up of nine sets of three attached tubules arranged to form a hollow cylinder.
Centrioles
The centrioles are made up of ___1___ sets of ___2___ attached tubules arranged to form a hollow cylinder.
- Nine
- Three
A structure similar to Centrioles called ______ anchor cilia and flagella.
Basal Bodies
Both centrioles and basal bodies play a role in ______.
microtubule assembly
