4.2: Anatomy of the Skeleton Part II: The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
The ______ skeleton consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the attached limbs.
appendicular
The ___1___ and ___2___ are specialized for flexibility and increased range of motion, while the ___3___ and ___4___ are specialized for strength.
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- upper limbs (arms)
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and upper limbs (arms) are specialized for what?
flexibility and increased range of motion
The pelvic girdle and lower limbs are specialized for what?
strength
What is being shown in the picture?
The appendicular skeleton (blue) consists of the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and all four limbs.
The pectoral girdle, also known as the shoulder girdle, is composed of two ___1___ and two ___2___.
- clavicles
- scapulae
Each clavicle (collarbone) connects with the ___1___ anteriorly and the ___2___ posteriorly.
- sternum
- scapula (shoulder blade)
The scapula is freely movable and held in place only by ___1___ and ___2___.
- muscles
- ligaments
Posterior view of clavicular and scapular attachment through ligaments.
The posterior side of the scapula contains the ___1___ fossa, ___2___ fossa, and ___3___ spine.
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- scapular
The ______ process projects from the scapular spine, which can be seen from both the posterior and anterior views.
acromion
The acromion process connects to the clavicle ______.
anteriorly
The neck of the scapula on the lateral side contains the ______, where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula.
glenoid cavity
The anterior side of the scapula contains the ______ fossa.
subscapular
The coracoid process projects anteriorly from the scapula, allowing for ______.
muscular attachment
Posterior view of right scapula. Major bone landmarks on the posterior side of the scapula are colored for clarity.
Anterior view of right scapula. Major bone landmarks on the scapula are colored for clarity.
The single long bone in the upper arm, the ______, has a smoothly rounded head that fits into a socket of the scapula at the glenoid cavity.
humerus
True or False: The glenoid cavity is very shallow and much smaller than the head of the humerus.
True
The humerus needs to be held to the shallow glenoid cavity by the ___1___ and ___2___.
- rotator cuff muscles
- other ligaments
The structure of the shoulder permits movement of the arm in almost any direction but provides little ______.
stability
The ______ joint is prone to dislocation because it is held in place primarily by muscular and ligament attachment with very little bony stability.
gleno-humeral
Dislocation of a joint means what?
Dislocation of a joint means that the bone is removed from its socket.
Dislocation of the shoulder occurs when what happens?
Dislocation of the shoulder occurs when the head of the humerus is removed from the glenoid cavity in any direction.
Anterior view of the humerus, radius, and ulna. Note the radius and ulna are uncrossed in anatomical position.
The humerus is comprised of what 5 parts?
head
neck
shaft
capitulum
trochlea
The ______ articulates with a small portion of the radius.
capitulum
The ______ articulates with the ulna.
trochlea
The ______ of the humerus can be palpated on the medial side of the arm at the elbow.
medial epicondyle
The ______ of the humerus can be palpated on the lateral side of the arm at the elbow.
lateral epicondyle
Anterior view of the right humerus. Bone landmarks are colored for clarity.
The distal end of the humerus meets the two bones of the lower arm, the ___1___ and ___2___, at the elbow.
- Ulna
- Radius
The ______ process of the ulna is the prominent bone that can be palpated in the elbow posteriorly.
olecranon
Posterior view of the right humerus, radius, and ulna.
The many bones of the hand increase its ______.
flexibility
The wrist has eight _____ bones, which look like small pebbles.
carpal
The wrist has how many carpal bones?
8
The proximal row of carpal bones (from lateral to medial) are what?
- scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetral
- pisiform
The distal row of carpal bones (from lateral to medial) are what?
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate.
From the carpal bones, how many metacarpal bones fan out to form a framework for the palm?
5
From the carpal bones, five _____ bones fan out to form a framework for the palm.
metacarpal
Anterior view of the bones left hand: eight carpal bones, five metacarpals, five proximal phalanges, four middle phalanges, and five distal phalanges. (Note: The thumb does not have a middle phalanx.)
The first metacarpal is the ___1___, and the fifth metacarpal is the ___2___.
- thumb
- pinky
______ is a term that refers to either fingers or toes.
Digits
Beyond the metacarpals are the ______, the bones of the fingers and the thumb.
phalanges
The thumb, or first digit, is composed of ___1___phalanges, while all other digits have ___2___. (how many)
- 2
- 3
Distal, middle, proximal phalanges; metacarpals and carpals of the left hand.
The pelvic girdle consists of two heavy, large ______ bones
coxal
The ______ consists of two heavy, large coxal bones.
pelvic girdle
The ______ are anchored to the sacrum posteriorly via a network of ligaments.
coxal bones
The coxal bones, also called ______ bones.
ossa coxae or innominate
The coxal bones are symmetrical and formed by the fusion of what three bones?
the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The ilium is the most superior of the sections and can be palpated on the ______ sides of the hips.
lateral
The ___1___ bones are also known as the “___2___” bones as these are the bony landmarks that can be felt when sitting upright in a chair.
- ischium
- sits
The ______ forms the center anteriorly, connected by the pubic symphysis.
pubis
Anterior view of the pelvis and several bone landmarks. The ischium are highlighted in blue.
What does ASIS stand for?
anterior superior iliac spine
What does AIIS stand for?
anterior inferior iliac spine
Interior view of the right innominate bone. Bone landmark regions are colored for clarification.
The ______ is wider in females than in males.
pubic arch
The pubic arch is ______ in females than in males.
wider
The pubic brim, also known as the pelvic outlet, is shaped more like a ___1___ in males and an ___2___ in females.
- circle
- oval
The ______, is shaped more like a circle in males and an oval in females.
pubic brim, also known as the pelvic outlet
Anatomical differences in the male and female pelvic girdle.
The largest, longest single bone in the body is the ______.
femur
The head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle at the ______, called the hip joint.
acetabulum
Posterior view of the right femur. Bone landmarks are colored for clarification.
The ______ sits anteriorly to the femur, formed within the quadriceps femoris tendon.
patella
In the lower leg, there are two bones what are they?
the tibia (medial)
fibula (lateral).
The larger of the two lower leg bones, the ______, has a ridge that can be easily palpated anteriorly.
tibia
Both bones of the lower leg have a prominence that contributes to the ankle, the ___1___ of the tibia on the medial side of the ankle and the ___2___ of the fibula on the lateral side of the ankle.
- medial malleolus
- lateral malleolus
Anterior view of the right lower leg. The medial and lateral condyles are located on the tibia.
There are seven tarsal bones that make up the ankle what are they?
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
navicular
cuboid
talus
calcaneus.
Five ______ bones span the distance between the ankle and toes.
Metatarsal
how many metatarsal bones span the distance between the ankle and toes?
5
The foot has longitudinal arches from the heel to the toes and a transverse arch across the foot what does this provide the body?
These provide a stable, springy base for the body.
______ is a condition that is likely to occur if the tissues binding the metatarsals together become weakened.
Flat feet
The bones of the toes are called ______, just like those of the fingers.
phalanges
The ___1___ also called the ___2___, is the first metatarsal.
- great toe
- hallux
Like the thumb, the great toe only has a ___1___ and ___2___phalanx.
- distal
- proximal
Superior view of the bones left foot: seven tarsal bones, five metatarsals, five proximal phalanges, four middle phalanges, and five distal phalanges. (Note: The great toe does not have a middle phalanx.)
