Models - Stakeholders Flashcards
What does salience mean?
prominent, noticeable, or perceived as important
Ronald Kitchell, Bradley Agle, and Donna Wood introduced what model?
the salience model of stakeholder classification
What is the purpose of the salience model?
Helps to identify the prominence of stakeholders by classifying them. While POWER is a crucial factor in stakeholder salience, the legitimacy and urgency also play a part. There may be stakeholders who do not have power, but still matter to the organization and the project.
When is the salience model used?
For projects that have a large number of stakeholders and/or that have complex level of stakeholders. The salience model is used during stakeholder analysis.
In the salience model, stakeholder identification is based on what three variables/attributes?
- POWER to influence
- LEGITIMACY of the stakeholders relationship with the project
- URGENCY of the stakeholders engagement
Urgency is based on what 2 attributes?
- time sensitivity - when the stakeholder’s need is time sensitive.
- criticality - when the need is critical / important to the stakeholder
When is the salience model applied?
large and complex projects
Power + Legitimacy = ?
Authority
By adding urgency to the model the stakeholders relationship mover from being …… to ……?
static to dynamic (3 Dimensional)
What are the 8 (9) different types of stakeholder represented in the salience model?
dangerous
demanding
definitive
dependent
discretionary
dominant
dormant
expectant
Those who possess on one of the three main attributes of power, legitimacy or urgency are known as?
Latent Stakeholders
Not likely to give much attention or acknowledgement to the project. Usually have a passive stance.
3 types (dormant, discretionary, demanding)
Stakeholders who only possess power but have no legitimac or urgency are known as?
Dormant stakeholders (latent)
Monitor
Do not require active engagement but need to be recognized
Stakeholders who are legitimate, but have no power, and interests are not urgent are known as?
Discretionary Stakeholders (latent)
Monitor
Likely no attention needed
Stakeholders who have urgent demands, but no power or legitimacy are known as?
Demanding Stakeholders (latent)
Monitor
Unlikely to command attention without power and legitimacy, they create “noise” but are not dangerous
Stakeholders who possess any 2 of the 3 attributes are known as?
Expectant Stakeholders
Usually have an active stnace and expect something - require active engagement
3 types (dominant, dependent, dangerous)
Dominant, dependent and dangerous are three types of what type of stakeholder?
Expectant Stakeholders
Stakeholders that possess both power and legitimacy, but no urgency are known as?
Dominant Stakeholders (expectant)
Keep Satisfied
These are stakeholders that matter and need active engagement and strategy to manage.
Ex: government
Stakeholders that lack power but have urgent and legitimate stakes in the project are known as?
Dependent Stakeholders (expectant)
Keep Informed
They depend on other powerful stakheolders to uphold their interests. Although they lack power they can form coalitions with other groups to achieve power.
Ex: non-profit NGOs
Stakeholders who posses power and urgency but do not possess ligitimacy to thier claims are considered …..?
Dangerous Stakeholders (expectant)
Keep Informed
The can be coercive or even violent. They need to be recognized and risk mitigation plans devised.
Ex: local mafia, terrorists
Stakeholders who possess power, legitimacy, and urgency are known as?
Definitive Stakeholders
Manage closely
They demand the utmost attention and need to be attended to in a timely manner.
Ex: stockholders of a company
Entities with no power, legitimacy or urgency are know as?
Non-stakeholders or Potential Stakeholders
What are 4 Stakeholder Management Strategies?
- Manage closely
- Keep satisified
- Keep informed
- Monitor
Which stakeholders should be managed closely according to the salience model?
Definitive stakholders (possess all three attributes)
Which stakeholders should be kept satisified according to the salience model?
Dominant and Dangerous stakeholders
Which stakeholders should be kept informed according to the salience model?
Dependent stakeholders
Which stakeholders should be monitored according to the salience model?
Dormant, Discretionary, Demanding Stakeholders
Limits of the salience mode?
- Subjective - attitude toward the stakeholder may differ based on his/her culture and values
- attributes are either present or absent - may possess various levels of each
- other attributes may be influential that are not captured
Power / Interest, Power / Influence and Impact / Influence are all?
Grid-based stakeholder models used for small projects or projects with simple stakeholder relationships.
In 2D grids - what are the four general engagement protocols?
- Manage closely
- Keep Satisfied
- Educate
- Monitor
In a 2D model which stakeholders do you Manage Closely?
High Power, High Interest
Manage closely, collaborate, and involve in decision-making.
In a 2D model which stakeholders do you Keep Satisfied?
High Power, Low Interest
Keep satisfied, inform proactively and address concerns
In a 2D model which stakeholders do you Educate?
Low Power, High Interest
Educate, listen to feedback, and address anxieties
In a 2D model which stakeholders do you Monitor?
Low Power, Low Interest
Monitor, provide basic updates, and communicate minimally
What are the three dimensions of a Stakeholder Cube?
- Power
- Interest
- Attitude
What are 4 directions of influence that stakeholders can be classified into?
- Upward
- Downward
- Outward
- Sideward
Senior management, sponsor, and steering committee members are considered to have what direction of influence?
Upward
Project team members and experts working on the project are considered to have what direction of influence?
Downward
Suppliers, government agencies, regulators, public and end users are considered to have what direction of influence?
Outward
Peers such as other project managers and functional managers are considered to have what direction of influence?
Sideward
Prioritizing stakeholders may be necessary when?
3 points
- large number of stakeholders are involved
- stakeholders are changing rapidly
- relationship with stakeholders is complex
