mock Flashcards
respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway in organisms. what metabolic pathway is in question
catabolic
type of animal cell that doesn’t have mitochondria
•red blood cell
stage of aerobic respiration that doesn’t occur in the mitochondrion
•glycolysis
•occurs in cytosol
control substance in test for reducing sugar
water
control colour at end in test for reducing sugar
blue
gel used to trap the enzyme when immobilizing an enzyme
sodium alginate
how make gel insoluble when immobilizing enzymes
calcium chloride
pathogen
disease causing organism.
antibiotic
produced by microorganisms to kill or stop the growth of other microorganisms
bio processing
using microorganisms to form products
bioreactor
a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms
shape of dna molecule
double helix
heridity
passing on of characteristic from ive generation to the next
dna profiling
generating a pattern of bands from a dna sample
genetic screening
test to show presence of a gene
step 1 dna profiling
1: Release DNA from cells and use PCR to amplify the sample.
step 2 dna profiling
2: Cut DNA into fragments: Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into smaller fragments. They only cut at specific places.
step 3 dna profiling
3: Separate the fragments: DNA is negatively charged. Gel electrophoresis can use an electric current to separate the fragments based on size
step 4 dna profiling
pattern is analysee
use of dna profiling
You can use DNA profiling to test for certain diseases, for solving crimes and for maternity and paternity tests.
why twins have same dna profile
both have same genes
structural differences of DNA and RNA
•dna is double stranded/rna is single stranded
•dna has thymine/rna has uracil
translation events (protein synthesis)
•mRNA goes to a ribosome
•tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome
•tRNA binds to mRNA
•peptide bond forms
•chain folds
•forms protein
sex linkage
•a gene present on the X or Y chromosome
heterozygous
•when two alleles for a trait are different
genotype
•the genetic make up
advantage using ATP as energy source
•ATP releases energy in suitable quantities
•energy easily recycled
•energy easily released
krebs cycle products
•ATP
•CO2
•NADH
fate of products in krebs cycle
•ATP- breaks down and releases energy
•CO2- released into atmosphere
•NADH- teams down and releases electrons
•H- forms water
final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
•oxygen
location where RNA but no DNA is found in eukaryotic cells
•cytosol
•ribosome
role of diff RNAs in protein synthesis
•mRNA gets code from DNA and carries code to the ribosome
•rRNA forms the ribosome
•tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA and translates mRNA code to amino acid sequence
enzyme experiment enzyme, substrate and products
•catalase
•hydrogen peroxide
•oxygen and water
junk dna
non coding dna
what is protease
an enzyme that digests protein
how did you add the freezer cold ethanol in the dna experiment
•added slowly to the test tube
transcription (protein synthesis)
•making mRNA using DNA template
translation
•making a protein using mRNA code
haploid
•one set of chromosomes
diploid
•two sets of chromosomes
homozygous
•alleles the same
heterozygous
•alleles different
genotype
•genetic make up
phenotype
•expression of genotype and environment
what happens in krebs cycle when electrons are removed
•pass to NAD+ to make NADH to make water
cell organelle where enzymes are produced
•ribosome
how immobilize enzyme
•immobilize yeast
•sodium alginate, mix with yeast, drip into calcium chloride solution with dropper, leave to harden, rinse
advantage of selectively permeable membranes
•substances can be kept in or out
feature of plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for constant periods
•cell wall
•vacuole
difference between hypothesis and theory
•hypothesis can develop into a theory
how do amoeba get rid of excess water
•contractile vacuole
fate of energized electrons after leaving chlorophyll
•enter cyclic pathway and return to chlorophyll
•enter non cyclic pathway and adds to CO2 to make glucose
other molecule that can provide electrons during photosynthesis
water
source of water
•soil
plant used for photosynthesis experiment
•elodea
role of ATP in dark stage
•transfer energy
events in prophase
•spindle forms
•nuclear membrane breaks down
•chromosomes become shorter
main events of each pathway in light stage
•cyclic- electron passes along electron transport chain, energy released in form of ATP, electron returns to chlorophyll
•non cyclic- electron passes along electron transport chain, energy released in form of ATP, electron transferred to NADP+ and doesn’t return to chlorophyll
what gets released when glucose is split
•ATP
•NADH
how ATP and NADH made in aerobic respiration
•ATP- ADP combines with phosphate
•NADH- NAD+ picks up a proton and two electrons
events of non cyclic pathway
•electrons trapped by NADP to form NADPH
•water splits into protons and electrons, oxygen is formed, electrons pass to the chlorophyll, ATP forms
fate of ADP and NADP+ at end of light stage
•return to light stage
two particle types moves from NADPH to CO2 in dark stage
•electrons
•protons
NAD stands for
•nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
how is oxygen produced in the light stage
water splitting using light energy
fate of pyruvic acid when enter krebs cycle
•produce CO2, ATP, NADH
fate of pyruvic acid when enter electron transport system
•electrons combine with O2 to form ATP
anaerobic product in yeats
•ethanol
dark stage
•ATP, NADPH and Carbon dioxide are mixed together using enzymes to form glucose
• ATP supply energy
•NADPH supply Hydrogen
•CO2 supply carbon and oxygen
light stage
1: Light split water into protons, electrons and oxygen
2: protons go to proton pool, oxygen released into atmosphere
3: Light absorbed by chlorophyll & the energy pass to electron
4: electron is passed from acceptor to acceptor releasing energy as it goes
5: ATP formed from released energy
6: electron returns to the chlorophyll + cycle repeat
