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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway in organisms. what metabolic pathway is in question

A

catabolic

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2
Q

type of animal cell that doesn’t have mitochondria

A

•red blood cell

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3
Q

stage of aerobic respiration that doesn’t occur in the mitochondrion

A

•glycolysis
•occurs in cytosol

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4
Q

control substance in test for reducing sugar

A

water

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5
Q

control colour at end in test for reducing sugar

A

blue

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6
Q

gel used to trap the enzyme when immobilizing an enzyme

A

sodium alginate

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7
Q

how make gel insoluble when immobilizing enzymes

A

calcium chloride

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8
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing organism.

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9
Q

antibiotic

A

produced by microorganisms to kill or stop the growth of other microorganisms

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10
Q

bio processing

A

using microorganisms to form products

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11
Q

bioreactor

A

a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms

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12
Q

shape of dna molecule

A

double helix

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13
Q

heridity

A

passing on of characteristic from ive generation to the next

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14
Q

dna profiling

A

generating a pattern of bands from a dna sample

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15
Q

genetic screening

A

test to show presence of a gene

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16
Q

step 1 dna profiling

A

1: Release DNA from cells and use PCR to amplify the sample.

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17
Q

step 2 dna profiling

A

2: Cut DNA into fragments: Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into smaller fragments. They only cut at specific places.

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18
Q

step 3 dna profiling

A

3: Separate the fragments: DNA is negatively charged. Gel electrophoresis can use an electric current to separate the fragments based on size

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19
Q

step 4 dna profiling

A

pattern is analysee

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20
Q

use of dna profiling

A

You can use DNA profiling to test for certain diseases, for solving crimes and for maternity and paternity tests.

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21
Q

why twins have same dna profile

A

both have same genes

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22
Q

structural differences of DNA and RNA

A

•dna is double stranded/rna is single stranded
•dna has thymine/rna has uracil

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23
Q

translation events (protein synthesis)

A

•mRNA goes to a ribosome
•tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome
•tRNA binds to mRNA
•peptide bond forms
•chain folds
•forms protein

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24
Q

sex linkage

A

•a gene present on the X or Y chromosome

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25
Q

heterozygous

A

•when two alleles for a trait are different

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26
Q

genotype

A

•the genetic make up

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27
Q

advantage using ATP as energy source

A

•ATP releases energy in suitable quantities
•energy easily recycled
•energy easily released

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28
Q

krebs cycle products

A

•ATP
•CO2
•NADH

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29
Q

fate of products in krebs cycle

A

•ATP- breaks down and releases energy
•CO2- released into atmosphere
•NADH- teams down and releases electrons
•H- forms water

30
Q

final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

•oxygen

31
Q

location where RNA but no DNA is found in eukaryotic cells

A

•cytosol
•ribosome

32
Q

role of diff RNAs in protein synthesis

A

•mRNA gets code from DNA and carries code to the ribosome
•rRNA forms the ribosome
•tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA and translates mRNA code to amino acid sequence

33
Q

enzyme experiment enzyme, substrate and products

A

•catalase
•hydrogen peroxide
•oxygen and water

34
Q

junk dna

A

non coding dna

35
Q

what is protease

A

an enzyme that digests protein

36
Q

how did you add the freezer cold ethanol in the dna experiment

A

•added slowly to the test tube

37
Q

transcription (protein synthesis)

A

•making mRNA using DNA template

38
Q

translation

A

•making a protein using mRNA code

39
Q

haploid

A

•one set of chromosomes

40
Q

diploid

A

•two sets of chromosomes

41
Q

homozygous

A

•alleles the same

42
Q

heterozygous

A

•alleles different

43
Q

genotype

A

•genetic make up

44
Q

phenotype

A

•expression of genotype and environment

45
Q

what happens in krebs cycle when electrons are removed

A

•pass to NAD+ to make NADH to make water

46
Q

cell organelle where enzymes are produced

A

•ribosome

47
Q

how immobilize enzyme

A

•immobilize yeast
•sodium alginate, mix with yeast, drip into calcium chloride solution with dropper, leave to harden, rinse

48
Q

advantage of selectively permeable membranes

A

•substances can be kept in or out

49
Q

feature of plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for constant periods

A

•cell wall
•vacuole

50
Q

difference between hypothesis and theory

A

•hypothesis can develop into a theory

51
Q

how do amoeba get rid of excess water

A

•contractile vacuole

52
Q

fate of energized electrons after leaving chlorophyll

A

•enter cyclic pathway and return to chlorophyll
•enter non cyclic pathway and adds to CO2 to make glucose

53
Q

other molecule that can provide electrons during photosynthesis

A

water

54
Q

source of water

A

•soil

55
Q

plant used for photosynthesis experiment

A

•elodea

56
Q

role of ATP in dark stage

A

•transfer energy

57
Q

events in prophase

A

•spindle forms
•nuclear membrane breaks down
•chromosomes become shorter

58
Q

main events of each pathway in light stage

A

•cyclic- electron passes along electron transport chain, energy released in form of ATP, electron returns to chlorophyll
•non cyclic- electron passes along electron transport chain, energy released in form of ATP, electron transferred to NADP+ and doesn’t return to chlorophyll

59
Q

what gets released when glucose is split

A

•ATP
•NADH

60
Q

how ATP and NADH made in aerobic respiration

A

•ATP- ADP combines with phosphate
•NADH- NAD+ picks up a proton and two electrons

61
Q

events of non cyclic pathway

A

•electrons trapped by NADP to form NADPH
•water splits into protons and electrons, oxygen is formed, electrons pass to the chlorophyll, ATP forms

62
Q

fate of ADP and NADP+ at end of light stage

A

•return to light stage

63
Q

two particle types moves from NADPH to CO2 in dark stage

A

•electrons
•protons

64
Q

NAD stands for

A

•nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

65
Q

how is oxygen produced in the light stage

A

water splitting using light energy

66
Q

fate of pyruvic acid when enter krebs cycle

A

•produce CO2, ATP, NADH

67
Q

fate of pyruvic acid when enter electron transport system

A

•electrons combine with O2 to form ATP

68
Q

anaerobic product in yeats

A

•ethanol

69
Q

dark stage

A

•ATP, NADPH and Carbon dioxide are mixed together using enzymes to form glucose
• ATP supply energy
•NADPH supply Hydrogen
•CO2 supply carbon and oxygen

70
Q

light stage

A

1: Light split water into protons, electrons and oxygen
2: protons go to proton pool, oxygen released into atmosphere
3: Light absorbed by chlorophyll & the energy pass to electron
4: electron is passed from acceptor to acceptor releasing energy as it goes
5: ATP formed from released energy
6: electron returns to the chlorophyll + cycle repeat

biology exam paper corrections (20 decks)

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