2017 Flashcards
a fibrous protein
keratin
magnesium role in plant
component of chlorophyll
why organisms need water
•solvent
•it’s where all chemical reactions take place
•temperature maintenance
•transport materials
why nutrients recycled
so can be reused
benefits of nitrogen changing to nitrate
plants can absorb nitrate
nitrate in soil formed directly from
nitrite
ammonia
animal role in nitrogen cycle
•excrete nitrogen
•die and release nitrogen
plants in symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria
legumes
process keeping nitrogen in air constant
denitrification
fertilizers role in nitrogen cycle
supply nitrate to the soil
why diff amts if aerobic respiration organelle in diff cells
cells need diff amts of energy
organelle that has genetic material
•nucleus
•mitochondrion
•chloroplast
pathogen
disease causing organism
saprophyte
and organism that feeds on dead matter
heterotroph
an organism that obtains it’s food from other organisms
antibiotic
a chemical produced by microorganisms to kill or stop growth of other microorganisms
asepsis
free of pathogens
bio processing
using microorganisms to form products
bioreactor
a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms
possible ecological surveying error
•non random (biased)
•misidentification
•miscounting
•sample size too small
how to eliminate ecological surveying error
•random
•accurately counting
•large sample size
why ecological surveying important
•monitors biodiversity
•detects changes
•pollution monitoring
optimum activity
(enzyme)
enzyme working at its most efficient
what enzyme used enzyme experiment
catalase
source: celery
substrate: hydrogen peroxide
how measure enzyme rate in investigation
measure the volume of foam per minute
why are replicates important
•to ensure reliability
•to avoid bias
•to verify result
advantage and disadvantage of incineration
•amount of waste reduced, reduced landfill, quick waste disposal
•harmful products
harmful pollutant example
EUTROPHICATION
•slurry is liquified waste material produced by animals. it enters rivers, lakes and the minerals in it cause increase algal growth which often results in algal blooms
•results in less oxygen in the water and qu’agio plants and animals die
how to control eutrophication
•store slurry in leak-proof pits
•the stored slurry is spread on dry land in summer so that it’s not washed away into streams and rivers and the nutrients can be absorbed by plant roots and recycled by the plants
vascular tissue that transports photosynthesis products
phloem
structural features of phloem
•sieve tubes
•companion celles
•cytoplasm pushed to edges
relationship between rates if transportation and water uptake
•as water uptake increases transportation also increases
resin for relationship between rates of transpiration and water uptake
•high water uptake makes more water available for transpiration
vegetative propagation
plant asexual reproduction
features of vegetative propagation
•no gametes
•one parent
•no variation
natural vegetation- leaf
begonia
natural vegetation- bud
bulb
benefit of artificial vegetative propagation
•rapid
•more reliable
•desirable characteristics maintained
roles of diff RNAs in protein synthesis
•messenger RNA (mRNA) gets code from DNA
•mRNA carrie’s code to ribosome
•tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome and places amino acids in sequence
final step for functional protein in protein synthesis
folding
dark stage anabolic or catabolic
anabolic because small molecules (CO2 and H2O) form larger molecules (glucose)
what happen to adp and nadp+ at end of dark stage
return to light stage
two particle types moved from nadph to co2 in dark stage
•electrons
•protons
diploid meaning
chromosomes in pairs/two off each chromosome
function of mitosis in single celles organism
asexual reproduction
function of mitosis in multi celles organism
repair of tissue & growth
after telophase of mitosis how do animal cells split in two
cleavage formation
after telophase of mitosis how do plant cells split in two
cell plate formation
a beneficial virus
bacteriophages (which kill bacteria)
used to treat certain tumors, are vectors in genetic engineering, etc
virus replication (hiv)
•attachment- HIV recognises receptors on Helper T cell, attaches to membrane.
•entry- virus makes hole in membrane of Helper T cell and enters
•synthesis&assembly- HIV use enzyme to convert RNA to DNA which produces new viral RNA. (Retrovirus). host organelles are used to make new viruses.
•lysis - the bursting of host cell to release the viruses.
why viruses considered not to be alive
•can’t reproduce independently
•non cellular
•no organelles
•only RNA or DNA
•no metabolism
helper t cell
•recognize antigens, activates killer cells
•stimulates B cells to multiply
killer T cells
kill abnormal HUMAN cells that are already infected. They use
perforin to burst human cells.
suppressor t cells
stop the other immune cells from working properly. This is to prevent an overactive immune response and to stop the immune response when the infection is over.
memory t cells
last for a long time in the body. They remember a pathogen that has infected the body before and cause the memory B cells to be produced.
function of cartilage
•shock absorber
•reduce friction
cells that break down bone
osteoclasts
cells that build bone
osteoblasts
