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biology exam paper corrections > 2017 > Flashcards

2017 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a fibrous protein

A

keratin

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2
Q

magnesium role in plant

A

component of chlorophyll

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3
Q

why organisms need water

A

•solvent
•it’s where all chemical reactions take place
•temperature maintenance
•transport materials

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4
Q

why nutrients recycled

A

so can be reused

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5
Q

benefits of nitrogen changing to nitrate

A

plants can absorb nitrate

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6
Q

nitrate in soil formed directly from

A

nitrite
ammonia

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7
Q

animal role in nitrogen cycle

A

•excrete nitrogen
•die and release nitrogen

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8
Q

plants in symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

legumes

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9
Q

process keeping nitrogen in air constant

A

denitrification

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10
Q

fertilizers role in nitrogen cycle

A

supply nitrate to the soil

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11
Q

why diff amts if aerobic respiration organelle in diff cells

A

cells need diff amts of energy

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12
Q

organelle that has genetic material

A

•nucleus
•mitochondrion
•chloroplast

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13
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing organism

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14
Q

saprophyte

A

and organism that feeds on dead matter

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15
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that obtains it’s food from other organisms

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16
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical produced by microorganisms to kill or stop growth of other microorganisms

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17
Q

asepsis

A

free of pathogens

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18
Q

bio processing

A

using microorganisms to form products

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19
Q

bioreactor

A

a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms

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20
Q

possible ecological surveying error

A

•non random (biased)
•misidentification
•miscounting
•sample size too small

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21
Q

how to eliminate ecological surveying error

A

•random
•accurately counting
•large sample size

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22
Q

why ecological surveying important

A

•monitors biodiversity
•detects changes
•pollution monitoring

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23
Q

optimum activity
(enzyme)

A

enzyme working at its most efficient

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24
Q

what enzyme used enzyme experiment

A

catalase
source: celery
substrate: hydrogen peroxide

25
Q

how measure enzyme rate in investigation

A

measure the volume of foam per minute

26
Q

why are replicates important

A

•to ensure reliability
•to avoid bias
•to verify result

27
Q

advantage and disadvantage of incineration

A

•amount of waste reduced, reduced landfill, quick waste disposal
•harmful products

28
Q

harmful pollutant example

A

EUTROPHICATION
•slurry is liquified waste material produced by animals. it enters rivers, lakes and the minerals in it cause increase algal growth which often results in algal blooms
•results in less oxygen in the water and qu’agio plants and animals die

29
Q

how to control eutrophication

A

•store slurry in leak-proof pits
•the stored slurry is spread on dry land in summer so that it’s not washed away into streams and rivers and the nutrients can be absorbed by plant roots and recycled by the plants

30
Q

vascular tissue that transports photosynthesis products

A

phloem

31
Q

structural features of phloem

A

•sieve tubes
•companion celles
•cytoplasm pushed to edges

32
Q

relationship between rates if transportation and water uptake

A

•as water uptake increases transportation also increases

33
Q

resin for relationship between rates of transpiration and water uptake

A

•high water uptake makes more water available for transpiration

34
Q

vegetative propagation

A

plant asexual reproduction

35
Q

features of vegetative propagation

A

•no gametes
•one parent
•no variation

36
Q

natural vegetation- leaf

A

begonia

37
Q

natural vegetation- bud

A

bulb

38
Q

benefit of artificial vegetative propagation

A

•rapid
•more reliable
•desirable characteristics maintained

39
Q

roles of diff RNAs in protein synthesis

A

•messenger RNA (mRNA) gets code from DNA
•mRNA carrie’s code to ribosome
•tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome and places amino acids in sequence

40
Q

final step for functional protein in protein synthesis

A

folding

41
Q

dark stage anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic because small molecules (CO2 and H2O) form larger molecules (glucose)

42
Q

what happen to adp and nadp+ at end of dark stage

A

return to light stage

43
Q

two particle types moved from nadph to co2 in dark stage

A

•electrons
•protons

44
Q

diploid meaning

A

chromosomes in pairs/two off each chromosome

45
Q

function of mitosis in single celles organism

A

asexual reproduction

46
Q

function of mitosis in multi celles organism

A

repair of tissue & growth

47
Q

after telophase of mitosis how do animal cells split in two

A

cleavage formation

48
Q

after telophase of mitosis how do plant cells split in two

A

cell plate formation

49
Q

a beneficial virus

A

bacteriophages (which kill bacteria)
used to treat certain tumors, are vectors in genetic engineering, etc

50
Q

virus replication (hiv)

A

•attachment- HIV recognises receptors on Helper T cell, attaches to membrane.
•entry- virus makes hole in membrane of Helper T cell and enters
•synthesis&assembly- HIV use enzyme to convert RNA to DNA which produces new viral RNA. (Retrovirus). host organelles are used to make new viruses.
•lysis - the bursting of host cell to release the viruses.

51
Q

why viruses considered not to be alive

A

•can’t reproduce independently
•non cellular
•no organelles
•only RNA or DNA
•no metabolism

52
Q

helper t cell

A

•recognize antigens, activates killer cells
•stimulates B cells to multiply

53
Q

killer T cells

A

kill abnormal HUMAN cells that are already infected. They use
perforin to burst human cells.

54
Q

suppressor t cells

A

stop the other immune cells from working properly. This is to prevent an overactive immune response and to stop the immune response when the infection is over.

55
Q

memory t cells

A

last for a long time in the body. They remember a pathogen that has infected the body before and cause the memory B cells to be produced.

56
Q

function of cartilage

A

•shock absorber
•reduce friction

57
Q

cells that break down bone

A

osteoclasts

58
Q

cells that build bone

A

osteoblasts

biology exam paper corrections (20 decks)

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