human defenxe

Question 1

pathogens

Answer 1

•bacteria and viruses that try to invade our bodies
•this makes us sick

Question 2

1st line of general defense system consists of

Answer 2

•skin
•blood clotting
•lysozyme
•mucus
•cilia
•stomach acid

Question 3

skin

Answer 3

•acts as a physical barrier

Question 4

blood clotting

Answer 4

•repairs damaged skin to prevent entry of pathogens

Question 5

lysozyme

Answer 5

•enzymes in saliva and tears which kill bacteria

Question 6

mucus

Answer 6

•traps pathogens

Question 7

cilia

Answer 7

•tiny hairs in respiratory system that force mucus up into the stomach

Question 8

stomach acid

Answer 8

•kills bacteria

Question 9

2nd line of general defense system consists of

Answer 9

•white blood cells
•complement
•interferons
•inflammation

Question 10

white blood cells

Answer 10

•phagocytes and macrophages
•lots in the lymph nodes, engulf pathogens

Question 11

complement

Answer 11

•groups of proteins that kill pathogens

Question 12

interferons

Answer 12

•group of proteins that stop viruses multiplying

Question 13

inflammation

Answer 13

•damaged cells release chemicals which cause the blood vessels to widen allowing more interferons, complement and white blood cells to flow to the area

Question 14

where are mucous membrane linings found

Answer 14

•respiratory tract
•digestive tract
•reproductive tract

Question 15

type of white bloood cell that produced antibodies

Answer 15

•B

Question 16

helper t cells

Answer 16

•stimulate B cells to multiply

Question 17

killer t cells

Answer 17

•kill abnormal human cells that are already infected
•use perforin to burst them

Question 18

suppressor t cells

Answer 18

•stop other immune cells from working properly to prevent an overactive immune response & to stop the immune response when the infection is over

Question 19

memory t cells

Answer 19

•last for a long time in the body
•they remember a pathogen that has infected the body before and cause memory B cells to be produced

Question 20

b cells

Answer 20

•mature in the bone marrow

Question 21

t cells

Answer 21

•mature in the thymus gland

Question 22

plasma b cells

Answer 22

•produce antibodies
•produce one antibody to one specific antigen

Question 23

memory b cells

Answer 23

•stay in body for long time after infection
•convert to plasma b cells on reinfection

Question 24

antigen

Answer 24

•a molecule on surface of pathogen
•indicates the cell is foreign

Question 25

antibody

Answer 25

•produced in response to antigens to make it easier to see so it can be destroyed

Question 26

induced immunity

Answer 26

•our ability to resist infection due to the presence of antibodies

Question 27

passive immunity

Answer 27

•when antibodies are created for us
•these don’t last very long
•eg. breast milk

Question 28

active immunity

Answer 28

•when our own cells produce the antibodies
•lasts for long time
•eg. flu

Question 29

artificial immunity

Answer 29

•injections

Question 30

natural immunity

Answer 30

•breast milk

Question 31

vaccine

Answer 31

•non lethal dose of a pathogen that triggers antibodies to be produced so they’re ready to fight a real infection

Question 32

monocytes/macrophages

Answer 32

•kill pathogens displaying antigens
•display this antigen on their cells so antibodies can be produced

Question 33

where are lymphocytes created

Answer 33

•bone marrow

Question 34

organs specific to immune system

Answer 34

•thymus
•spleen
•lymph nodes
•tonsils