Miscellaneous Studies Flashcards
Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention
Which of the following statements is most accurate in describing the evidence for physical activity in reducing the risk of various cancers?
A. 30-60 min/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity reduces the risk of prostate cancer in men
B. 30-60 min/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity reduces the risk of colon cancer in men but not in women
C. 30-60 min/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity reduces the risk of colon cancer in men and women
D. 30-60 min/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity reduces the risk of all cancers included in the study
Correct answer = C
A - prostate cancer - inconclusive
B - both men and women
D - reduced risk in only colon and breast cancers
Angina Pectoris and Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in the Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program
Which of the following statements about this study is correct?
A. At 12 weeks, 74% of patients with angina at baseline became angina free and an additional 9% reduced their angina severity from limiting to mild.
B. All patients were prescribed the same exercise regimen.
C. Improvements in angina were significant regardless of gender, but not in regard to initial angina severity.
D. Patients with limiting angina at baseline did not improve on all coronary risk factors from baseline to 12 weeks (except for HDL cholesterol).
Correct answer = A
B - All patients were individually prescribed exercise levels according to their baseline treadmill test results (p911)
C - Improvements in angina were significant regardless of gender and initial angina severity (p916)
D - Patients with all levels of angina improved on all coronary risk factors from baseline to 12 weeks (p915)
Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Disease Events
Which of the following statements about this study is incorrect?
A. Omega-3 supplementation was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality, cardiac death, sudden death, MI or stroke.
B. The study compared omega-3 administration vs another diet or placebo.
C.The proposed protective role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by lowering total serum cholesterol levels is not supported by the study.
D. The findings do not justify the use of omega-3 as a structured intervention in everyday clinical practice or guidelines supporting dietary omega-3 PUFA administration.
Correct answer = C
Triglyceride levels, not total serum cholesterol
Shortfall in the consumption of dairy foods in Australian children’s diets
Which of the following statements regarding this study is incorrect?
A. In 12-16 yos, 82% of girls and 44-50% of boys in Australia do not meet the calcium estimated average requirement.
B. Milk avoidance in children for prolonged periods has been associated with low BMC and BMD but not an increased risk of fractures in children.
C. Low milk consumption in childhood has been associated with a doubling of hip fractures in postmenopausal women.
C. Higher lifetime calcium consumption has been associated with a 20% lower risk of osteoporosis in women.
Correct answer = B
Milk avoidance in children for prolonged periods has been associated with low BMC and BMD and increased risk of fractures in children
Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density
In regards to a study on using a mindfulness based stress reduction program, which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. It is a controlled longitudinal study.
B. All participants in the study were MRI scanned twice, approximately 2 months apart.
C. MBSR participants engaged in formal exercises over the 8-week course, including body scan practice, pilates and sitting meditation.
D. Grey matter concentration increased in the left hippocampus after 8 weeks of mindfulness training.
Correct answer = C
Body scan, yoga & sitting meditation
Comparative Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Interventions in Clinical Practice
In a study examining the effectiveness of two behavioural weight-loss interventions in obese patients, which of the following statements is true?
A. Obese patients achieved and sustained clinically significant weight loss over a period of 24 months in both intervention groups.
B. The mean weight change for the intervention groups was greater at 24 months than at 6 months.
C. The mean weight change from baseline in the control group was -2.0kg at 24 months.
D. Both A and B are correct
Correct answer = A
B - weight loss at 6 months > at 24 months (p1963)
C - -0.8±0.6kg (p1963)
The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing lifestyle and dietary pattern
In regards to the prevention and control type 2 diabetes, which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Aim for at least 40g of fibre daily.
B. Avoid all refined sugars such as glucose, sucrose, and their products, but there is no limitation on animal products, especially red meat and processed meats.
C. Choose unlimited amounts of grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables.
D. Lunch and dinner plate should be ¼ protein, ¼ starch (including potatoes) and ½ vegetables.
Correct answer = B
Avoid animal products (p3)
The Benefits of Exercise for the Clinically Depressed
When considering an exercise prescription for the clinically depressed, all of the following statements are correct EXCEPT:
A. Running is just as effective as psychotherapy in alleviating symptoms of depression.
B. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise can significantly reduce depression score with no significant differences between the groups with respect to the magnitude of change in depression score.
C. Meta-analyses showed that only the length of the exercise program was a significant moderator, with programs 9 weeks or longer being associated with larger reductions in depression.
D. When compared with other traditional treatments for depression, exercise was just as beneficial and not significantly different from psychotherapy and other behavioural interventions, but was not as effective as pharmacologic therapy.
Correct answer = D
When compared with other traditional treatments for depression, exercise was just as beneficial and not significantly different from psychotherapy, pharmacologic therapy and other behavioural interventions (p106)
The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
In a study examining the effects of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer in male smokers, which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. There is a higher incidence of lung cancer among the men who received alpha-tocophenol than among those who did not.
B. There is an apparently protective effect of alpha-tocopherol against prostate cancer
C. There is a higher incidence of lung cancer among the men who received beta carotene than among those who did not.
D. There is no reduction in the incidence of lung cancer among male smokers after 5-8 years of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta carotene or both.
Correct answer = A
