LMBR Study Grp: Nutrition #1 Flashcards
17 Sept 2020
<p>Select the answer which lists the food groups in order from most healthful:
a. Vegetables/mushrooms, Fruits, Herbs/spices, Whole Grains, Seeds, Nuts
b. Vegetables/mushrooms, Fruits, Herb/spices, Nuts, Seeds, Whole grains
c. Vegetables/mushrooms, Herbs/spices, Fruits, Whole Grains, Nuts, Seeds
d. Vegetables/mushrooms, Herbs/spices, Fruits, Seeds, Nuts, Whole Grains</p>
<p>c. Vegetables/mushrooms, Herbs/spices, Fruits, Whole Grains, Nuts, Seeds
Note that Legumes are missing from the possible answers!
~~~
p120
"1. Vegetables including mushrooms
2. Herbs and spices (eaten in very small quantities)
3. Fruits
4. Legumes
5. Whole Grains,
6. Nuts
7. Seeds"</p>
~~~
<p>Regarding cholesterol, which of the following statements is False?
A. Cholesterol plaque progression ceases when total serum cholesterol is <3.879mmol/L or LDL level is <1.810mmol/L.
B. The Portfolio diet for lowering cholesterol consisted of very low saturated fat, plant based diet, soy protein, viscous fibre and almonds.
C. Eggs are high in cholesterol, but have not been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
D. In the Portfolio diet study, the portfolio diet group lowered their blood cholesterol by about the same amount as the 20mg lovastatin group.
E. A very-high-fibre, vegetable, fruit and nut diet resulted in a reduction of serum cholesterol that was equivalent to a therapeutic dose of a statin medication.</p>
<p>B.
~~~
Details:
A. p144 (#4 and 7)
B. p335 - the main component of the diet was 2g of plant sterols, not a plant based diet.
C. pp115-116
D. p335
E. p145 (#11)</p>
~~~
<p>Top five sources of sugar in the US Diet include the following except
~~~
A sugar sweetened beverage
B dairy desserts
C other desserts, mixed dishes
D grain-based desserts
E salad dressings
</p>
~~~
<p>E.</p>
<p>The fasting-mimicking diet promotes Beta-cell regeneration through which model?</p>
<p></p>
<p>A. Murine (Mice)</p>
<p>B. Murine (Rat)</p>
<p>C. Bovine</p>
<p>D. Human</p>
<p>A.</p>
<p></p>
<p>p151 (4)</p>
<p>See also Ref #177:<a>Cheng, Chia-Wei et al. “Fasting-Mimicking Diet Promotes Ngn3-Driven β-Cell Regeneration to Reverse Diabetes.”Cellvol. 168,5 (2017): 775-788.e12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.040</a></p>
<p></p>
With respect to macronutrient intake of protein, all of the following are true, except for:
A. Broccoli contains more grams of protein per calorie than beef, and has been recommended as a ‘meat-substitute’ by the American Society of Nutrition.
B. All plants contain a full range of essential amino acids, but not always in the ideal proportions.
C. Although protein requirements per pound (per kilogram) of body weight are similar across all age groups, increased dietary protein in children and seniors is advised due to intake of typically protein-poor foods in these age brackets.
D. All essential amino acids originally come from plants and microbes, however animal-based proteins are a more concentrated source of protein compared to plant-based proteins.
Options:
a) A only
b) both A and C
c) both B and D
d) A, B and C
e) All of the above
b) both A and C
1. With respect to macronutrient intake of protein, all of the following are true, except for:
A. Broccoli contains more grams of protein per calorie than beef (TRUE p130), and has been recommended as a ‘meat-substitute’ by the American Society of Nutrition (FALSE).
B. All plants contain a full range of essential amino acids, but not always in the ideal proportions. (TRUE p130)
C. Although protein requirements per pound (per kilogram) of body weight are similar across all age-groups (FALSE p130: children, seniors and athletes] have a need for higher protein in their diets. People older than 70 yrs have decreased absorption of protein and may require 25% more protein than younger adults), …increased protein intake in children and seniors is advised due to intake of typically protein-poor foods in these age brackets. (at least partially TRUE p130)
D. All essential amino acids originally come from plants and microbes, however animal-based proteins are a more concentrated source of protein compared to plant based proteins. (TRUE p129)
According to World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations, a maximum of 10% of total dietary calories should come from free sugars. With respect to this advice, which statement, or statements, is (are) most correct:
A. Among the top five sources of dietary sugar, dairy desserts account for 31% of total US sugar calories.
B. The average American ingests 13% of her calories, or 13 teaspoons (52 grams) of sugar, per day.
C. The American Heart Association recommends similar quantities for maximum daily sugar intake for children, teens and adults (100 calories, 6 teaspoons or 24 grams of sugar per day).
D. The WHO recommendations further stipulate a goal of less than 5% (6 teaspoons or 24 grams) of added sugar per day.
Options:
a) A only
b) both A and C
c) both B and D
d) A, B and C
e) All of the above
c) both B and D
A. Among the top five sources of dietary sugar, dairy desserts account for 31% of total US sugar calories. (FALSE p116)*
B. The average American ingests 13% of her calories, or 13 teaspoons (52 grams) of sugar, per day. (TRUE p116)
C. The American Heart Association recommends similar quantities for maximum daily sugar intake for children, teens and adult women (100 calories, 6 teaspoons or 24 grams of sugar per day). (FALSE p116; AHA recommends no more than 150 calories [9 teaspoons or 36 grams] of sugar per day for men)
D. The WHO recommendations further suggest a goal of less than 5% (6 teaspoons or 24 grams) of added sugar per day. (TRUE p116)
- Top five sources of dietary sugar in the US:
1. Sugar sweetened beverages (47% of total US sugar calories);
2. Snacks & sweets (31%)
3. Grain-based desserts (8%)
4. Other desserts, mixed dishes (6%)
5. Dairy desserts (4%)
Specify which definition or definitions are correct:
A. Micronutrients are chemical elements or substances essential in small amounts for growth and health, such as vitamins and minerals.
B. Beneficial non-nutrients are valuable to health but have not been proven essential for life, and include antioxidants, polyphenols, phytochemicals, phytosterols, glucosinolates and carotenoids.
C. Macronutrients are chemical elements or substances that are essential in relatively large amounts for growth and health, namely fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
D. In keeping with the theory that inflammation is the common denominator in most chronic disease, antioxidants are thought to act by both decreasing inflammation and increasing the immune system’s ability to detect and combat disease.
Options:
a) A only
b) both A and C
c) both B and D
d) A, B and C
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
A. (TRUE p132)
B. (TRUE p132)
C. (TRUE, see Merriam- Webster Dictionary online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/macronutrient)
D. (TRUE p133)
With respect to carbohydrates, fibre (“fiber”) is:
A. Found in whole foods but often removed during food processing.
B. Consumed in adequate amounts—that is, at least 25 grams per day for women and at least 38 grams per day for men—by less than 3% of the American population.
C. When ingested in recommended quantities, associated with increasing microbiota diversity and decreased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D. Not a carbohydrate, as “carbs have calories” but fibre is not metabolised as caloric energy.
Options:
a) A only
b) both A and C
c) both B and D
d) A, B and C
e) All of the above
d) A, B and C
A. Found in whole foods but often removed during food processing. (TRUE p132)
B. Consumed in adequate amounts—that is, at least 25 grams per day for women and at least 38 grams per day for men—by less than 3% of the American population. (TRUE p132)
C. When ingested in recommended quantities, associated with increasing microbiota diversity (TRUE, see below) and decreased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (TRUE p138; and see below)
D. Not a carbohydrate (FALSE p132), as “carbs have calories” (FALSE) but fibre is not metabolised as caloric energy. (TRUE… at least in part!)
- Refer to: Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. 2018 Jun 13;:k2179–9.
Which of the following statements are true? (multiple answers)
a) Fibre consumption leads to the production of butyrate by the microbiome which reduces the breakdown of glucose by the liver
b) 4/5 people who change to a whole food plant based diet have significant improvement in their peripheral neuropathy symptoms within 6 months
c) Wholefood plant based diets in studies like the Ornish Lifestyle Heart Trial have a 24x higher adherence rate compared to traditional calorie restricted diets over 5 years
d) A wholefood plant based diet can reverse diabetic retinopathy
e) A wholefood plant based diet improves insulin sensitivity in line with weight loss
Answer:
A, C, D
B- 4-16 days not 6 months
C- 3% vs 71%
E- independent of
