Miscellaneous Diagrams, DESTROYER, and BOOTCAMP Q's Flashcards
In order to determine whether a species is heterozygous or homozygous, what should you do?
cross the species with an individual that expresses the RECESSIVE trait
Insight
(Animal Behavior)
occurs when an animal exposed to new situation without prior experience performs a behavior that generates a positive outcome.
Which is most involved in the slow block to polyspermy in sea urchins?
a) myosin filaments
b) zona pellucida
c) cortical granules
d) acrosome
c
cortical granules fuse to plasma membrane. enzymes then get released to harden the vitelline layer
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
A. C6H12O6, NADPH, and ATP
B. C6H12O6, NADP+, and ADP
C. CO2, NADPH, ATP
D. O2, NADP+, and ADP
E. O2, NADPH, and ATP
E
Differentiate between concentric, ecentric, and isometric contractions
Concentric contractions shorten muscle
eccentric contractions lengthen muscle
isometric contractions do not result in a change in length
Which part of the male reproductive system will secrete a basic fluid to neutralize both the acidity of the vagina and sperm?
Define a rain shadow.
WHich of the following would most likely be involved in food spoilage?
a) candida
b) rhizopus
c) lichen
prostate gland
An area without moisture on a mountain
B
What lab technique is the most accurate way to work out molecular structures?
X ray diffraction
the scattering of X-rays by the regularly spaced atoms of a crystal, useful in obtaining information about the structure of the crystal
Differentiate between:
blastula
morula
chorion
yolk sac
gastrula
blastula- hollow sphere of cells that forms during the process of blastulation
morula - solid ball of cells that later develops into the blastula during blastulation
chorion - membrane that develops around the embryo and regulates nutrient offspring from mother to offspring
yolk sac - a vascularized structure that provides blood supply to the developing embryo during the early stages
gastrula - structure that forms after the blastula has reorganized into a trilaminar structure (three layers).
How to determine a disorder that is x-linked recessive? (when looking at a pedigree)
In pedigrees, always look to see if the disease affects more males than females and skips generations, this is typically a X-linked recessive disease.
Repitlians have 3 chambered hearts, with the exception of _____, which have 4
crocodiles
What is the dominant stage of life cycle of mosses?
gametophyte
During the light reaction of photosynthesis, the pH inside of the thylakoids ____, making it ____
decreases, acidic
The process in an embryo in which on tissue causes another to differentiate is called:
a) mutation
b) induction
c) morulation
e) gastrulation
B
***gastrulation = development into germ layers***
Which molecule participates in endocytosis by forming a polyhedral lattice around coated pits?
a) histamine
b) dyenine
c) clathrin
d) spectrin
C
Actively contracting muscle tissue has a higher amount of _____ than in resting muscle tissue
T/F? Glycolysis is purely an aerobic respiration and cannot supply energy without the TCA.
lactate
FALSE - glycolysis is anaerobic and does not need the TCA
What are some common examples of protostomes?
Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the _____ while fatty acid synthesis occurs in the ___
mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
mitochondrial matrix, cytosol
Chromosome and chromatid number chart
Adenylyl cyclase is inactive until _____ binds so that it can convert ATP to cAMP
epinephrine
During the summer, the deeper waters are (low/high) in nutrients and the upper layers (low/high) in O2
deeper - high
upper - high
Layers of the bone
T/F? Blue-green algae are in the kingdom plantae, and thus have cell walls.
FALSE - they are prokaryotes! contain cell walls
Differentiate between monoecious, dioecious, gynoecious, and androecious.
monoecious = bear both sperm and egg on the same gametophyte
dioecious = distinctly male or female
gynoecious = distinctly female
androecious = distinctly male
Differentiate between the chorion, placenta, and allantois
chorion - extraembryonic membrane formed during development; allows for gas exchange in birds and reptiles, while in mammals it attaches to the endometrium and develops into the placenta
placenta - a structure that allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes from the embryo and the mother.
allantois - eventually forms the umbilical cord between the embryo and placenta, which functions in the transport of gases, nutrients, and waste
List the parts of a sarcomere
As the electrons fall through the electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane, in what direction do H+ ions flow? How does this affect the pH?
H+ ions flow into the thylakoid (OPPOSITE of mitochondria, where H+ ions flow OUT of the matrix).
The flow of H+ ions into the thylakoid decreases the pH because it becomes more acidic.
The bohr effect is seen in a (right/left) shift hemoglobin curve. Describe what this means.
bohr effect - hemoglobin has a higher affinity to CO2 when O2 is low; seen in acidic/right shift curve conditions
Which is used to distinguish self from non-self?
A. MHC II
B. B cells
C. Lysozyme
D. Helper T cells
E. Macrophages
A
Sebaceous glands can be found in all of the following areas EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Eyelids
B. Palms
C. Scalp
D. Underarms
E. Earlobes
B
Sebaceous glands are tiny glands in the skin that secrete an oil called sebum. They are located in the dermis of the skin and found nearly everywhere in human skin EXCEPT for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The body releases this oil to waterproof and protect the skin, but it also is a lipid and reduces friction. It doesn’t make sense to make your hands and feet slippery, so we can infer this must be the correct answer.
A morula is a solid ball of ____ cells.
It will continue to divide to made the _____ that implants in the uterus.
Implantation will take place at about day _____
32, blastocyst, 6
A bacteriophage carrying RNA infects a bacterial cell, generates DNA, and integrates itself into the host’s genome. After it integrates into the host’s genome, the bacteriophage is called a(n):
A. episome
B. vector
C. prophage
D. capsid
E. plasmid
C
T/F?
Mosses and ferns do not contain seeds.
TRUE
What increases the likelihood of crossover between two genes on a homologous chromosome?
distance - chances increase if they are more further apart
Alternation of Generations
The kangaroo rat is known to have very long loops of Henle, for it lives in a very dry environment. What kinds of foods would it eat to provide for a source of water?
foods that are high in fat - oxidation of fat provides water
Which of the following occurs during embryonic cleavage from zygote to morula?
A. Decrease in morula size.
B. Decrease in blastomere size.
C. Differentiation of blastomeres to pluripotent cells.
D. Formation of the blastocyst.
E. Invagination into zygote to form the neural tube.
B
What factor is responsible for the striations in skeletal muscle?
a) alternating between the thick actin filaments and the thin myosin filaments
b) alternating between the thin actin filaments and the thick myosin filaments
c) the I band
d) light bands of the myosin interdigitating with the dark bands of the acting
B
A distinguishing feature of t-RNA is the presence of unsualy bases ______, ______, and _______
methylinosine, pseudouridine, and 4-thiouridine
Embryonic Development
T/F? Trapped osteoblasts within the small spaces of bone mature into fibroblasts.
FALSE - once trapped, osteoblasts will mature into osteocytes
Archegonia
a structure that contiains the female gamete in bryophytes
Each NADH will make ___ ATP, and FADH will made ____ ATP
T/F? NAD+ and FAD+ will transfer electrons to the ETC.
NADH = 3 ATP
FADH = 2 ATP
FALSE - only NADH and FADH will transfer electrons!
How is filtration increased when the efferent arteriole of the kidney is constricted?
filtration increases
Which animal phyla lack a notochord?
Define the volvox
Platyhelminthes, cnidaria, porifera, nematoda, annelida
Volvox - a plant like protist
Describe the leaf veins in dicots vs monocots
monocots - parallel
dicots - netlike
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Which is the universal donor?
recipient - AB
donor - O
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease is a degenerative brain disorder that is caused from:
a) prions
b) silent mutations
b) mutations in siRNA
c) forward mutations
A
List the following eras from least to most recent.
mesozoic, cenozoic, precambrian, paleozoic
Cenozoic > mesozoic > paleozoic > precambrian
Differentiate between operant and classical conditioning.
Operant - doing something for a reward; either positive or negative
Classical - ellicits a physiological response (pavlov’s dogs)
Which process is common to both aerobic and anaerobic organisms?
a) Krebs cycle
b) fermentation
c) glycolysis
d) electron transport chain
C - glycolysis is common to all living cells
Define capacitation.
Describe what intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments are made from.
capacitation - penetration of egg by sperm
intermediate filaments = keratin
microtubules = tubulin
microfiliaments = actin
Layers of a developing fetus
Which hormone is correctly matched to its site of production?
a) anterior pituitary - ADH
b) posterior pituitary - ACTH
c) - B cells of pancreas - glucagon
d) adrenal cortex - norepinephrine
e) anterior pituitary gland - prolactin
E
Just remember most hormones commonly tested on the DAT are made in the anterior pituitary!
the only ones made in the posterior pituitary are ADH and oxytocin (but both are made in the hypothalamus)
Which second messenger will activate Ca++ channels?
Which will degrade cAMP?
Dizygotic twins are produces by how many eggs and sperm? How about monozygotic twins?
IP3
phosphodiesterase
dizygotic (fraternal) 2 eggs, 2 sperm
monozygotic (identical) 1 egg, 1 sperm that splits upon syngamy
Melanocytes are found in which layer of the skin?
Stratum germinativum - deepest layer
*if not an answer choice, pick stratum basale!
Which of the following factors is involved in both specific and non-specific immunity?
A. MHC II
B. B cells
C. Natural Killer Cells
D. Helper T cells
E. Macrophages
F. Two of the above
F - A and C
Assuming independent assortment, how many different gametes can be produced from the genotype AaBbCc?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
E. 16
D
For these types of problems use the formula 2n = # of combinations, where 2 is the number of alleles in each gene and n is the number genes.
We have 2 alleles and 3 genes, so 23 = 8 combinations. We could also write out all possible combinations: ABC, ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, abC, abc
Which element would not be suitable to trace DNA or RNA?
sulfur - DNA or RNA does not contain this!
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___ _____of chloroplast.
Here, cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP through an electron transport chain, and noncylic photophosphorylation produces _____
Water is split during these reactions, releasing O2.
These products, along with CO2 and rubisco, will become the reactants in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which will produce _____, ____, and ____
thylakoid membranes
NADPH
C6H12O6 (glucose), NADP+, and ADP.
DNA segments that are movable are called:
a) duplications
b) inversions
c) transposable elements
d) deletions
e) transcripts
C
Which biome is located below the tundra?
a) temperate deciduous forest
b) taiga
c) savanna
d) chaparral
B
Which protein will be prduced by an animal cell in response to a viral attack?
Differentiate between the hershey chase experiment and the pulse chase experiment
Interferon
hershey chase = confirm that DNA is genetic material
pulse chase = studies the intracellular location of proteins; puts radiolctive label on protein
Differentiate between a prophage, a provirus, a plasmid, an episome, and a vector
prophage - a bacteriophage once it has inserted its genetic material into the genome of the host cell.
provirus - If a virus infects a eukaryotic cell and inserts itself into the host genome
plasmid - short circular DNA molecule outside of the main chromosome that can contain beneficial genes.
episome - a closed circular DNA molecule replicated inside of the nucleus or nuclear region; can be integrated into the bacterial chromosome, which makes them different from plasmids.
vector - a vehicle that transfers genetic information to a foreign genome.
The foramen ovale allows blood to _____ _____ circulation
bypass, pulmonary
The trophoblast consists of a (single/double/triple) layer of cells and will be the precursor to the ______
double, placenta
Which of the following are double stranded pieces of RNA that bind specifically to a complementary sequence to degrade target RNA or block its translation?
a) histone
b) siRNA’s
c) snRNP’s
c) spliceosome
B
T/F? Smooth muscle, cardiac, and skeletal muscle cells are all mononucleated.
FALSE - only smooth muscle and cardiac cells are mononucleated; skeletal muscle cells are multi
Differentiate between the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
The law of segregation refers to the separation of alleles to individual gametes. Essentially, each member of a chromosome pair will migrate to an opposite pole.
law of independent assortment - where each chromosome pair does not influence the position of another chromosome pair on the metaphase plate.
Long bone
The transfer of DNA by a virus is called:
a) transformation
b) transduction
c) vector
d) conjugation
B
In an energy pyramid, the greatest amount of energy is found in the:
a) decomposers
b) producers
c) tertiary consumers
d) secondary consumers
B
Double Fertilization
Two sperms have different roles - one will fertilize the egg and make a 2N zygote, while the other will feritlize the two haploid central nuclei and make a 3N endosperm, which will supply nutrients to the developing embryo
skips generations = autosomal recessive
no skip = autosomal dominant
x linked = if most of the males are affected
Gray Crescent
Somite
Vegetal Pole
An area located close to the quator of an egg cell on the side opposite the point of sperm entry
Segmented blcoks of tissue that form around the notochord; produce spine and muscle
the portion of an ovum opposite the animal pole, containing most of the yolk and little cytoplasm
T/F? Pluripotent cells are more differentiated than totipotent cells, which can give rise to an entire organism
TRUE
A specific X-linked recessive allele is lethal. Males that inherit the recessive allele and females that are homozygous recessive will abort before birth. What is the probability that a heterozygous mother will give birth to a child with only one copy of the recessive allele?
A. 0
B. 1/4
C. 1/3
D. 1/2
E. 1
C
Ecological Succession
an area in which communities are replaced in a predictable manner
Germ Layer
Differentiate between marine and freshwater fish, in regards to how much they drink and how much they urinate
Marine fish - drink a lot of water and rarely urinate
Freshwater - rarely drink and constantly urinate
T/F? Collagen consists of a double helix and is an abundant fibrous protein.
FALSE - collagen is a TRIPLE HELIX
A chemical defense system that works with the immune response and supllements the inflammatory response is termed:
complement
T/F? Cleavage can begin while the zygote is still present in the fallopian tube
What is the correct order of sequence for the following:
gastrula, blastula, morula, zygote
TRUE
zygote (fertilization) > morula > blastula > gastrula
Food pyramid picture
What will allow for the release of integral proteins within a cell membrane?
a) nitrogenous bases
b) salt
c) acid
d) base (detergent)
D
A population of fish is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Red-colored scales are a dominant trait and blue-colored scales are a recessive trait. In the population, 36% of the fish display red-colored scales. What percent of the population in the next generation is expected to be homozygous dominant?
A. 4%
B. 20%
C. 36%
D. 64%
E. 80%
A
_____ is a toxin that will inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase; it can be used as a rapid cardiac stimulant
Oubain
T/F? Yellow bone marrow can convert to red bone marrow when blood supply is low
TRUE
A bacteriophage contains:
a) nucleus
b) lysosomes
c) golgi body
d) DNA or RNA
e) more than one of these
D
bacteriophage = a virus that contains bacteria; lacks organelles
Which of the following syndromes is not due to the trisome nondisjuntion?
a) edward syndrome
b) down syndrome
c) turner syndrome
d) klinefelter syndrome
C
Turner’s is a monosomy of sex chromosomes
Reactants and products of metabolic processes
During cleavage of the zygote, each new blastomere becomes _______ _____.
However, the size of the entire ______ does not change.
Each division gives ___ cytoplasm to the daughter cell in preparation for cell differentiation
increasingly smaller
zygot/morula
less
A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is characteristic of the ______ generation of a dihybrid cross
a) F1
b) F2
c) P1
d) P2
B
Which type of RNA is most and least abundant? Which is the smallest type or RNA?
most abundant = rRNA
least = mRNA
smallest = tRNA
A stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglovin in red blood cells is termed:
a) carboxyhemoglobin
b) carbaminohemoglobin
c) oxyhemoglobin
d) deoxyhemoglobin
A
Law of Segregation vs. Law of Independent Assortment
A hummingbird looks very similar to a sunbird. Hummingbirds live in North America, while the sunbird is from Asia. This is an example of:
a) continental drift
b) convergent evolution
c) divergent evolution
B
occurs when two different species with differing ancestries evolve to look similar
Which of the following are in the kingdom Monera?
a) paramecium
b) mushrooms
c) bacteria
d) green algae
e) more than one of these
monera = blue green algae and bacteria
C
(Cnidoblasts/nematocysts) are specialized cells locatedi n the tentacles and body wall of coelenterates, and is filled by (cnidoblasts/nematocysts)
cnidoblasts, nematocysts
nematocysts are the stinging cells!
Differentiate between isotonic and isokinetic contractions
Isotonic contractions - any contraction that changes muscle length (including concentric and eccentric)
isokinetic contractions- muscle length changes at a constant speed.
Which of the following is true for the gametes of an individual with the genotype AaBb? Assume independent assortment but no crossing over.
A. ¼ AABB + ½ AaBb + ¼ aabb
B. ½ Aa + ½ Bb
C. ½ AB + ½ ab
D. ¼ AB + ¼ Ab + ¼ aB + ¼ ab
E. ¼ AB + ½ Ab + ¼ ab
D
This question is asking us what types of gametes an individual with the genotype AaBb will create. To produce gametes, we know the individual must undergo meiosis. Meiosis normally ends in four unique haploid cells. So we just list out all the possible combinations, which includes AB, Ab, aB, and ab.
Earthworms require ___ skin for gas exchange because they lack a ____ system
moist, respiratory
