Miscellaneous Diagrams, DESTROYER, and BOOTCAMP Q's Flashcards
In order to determine whether a species is heterozygous or homozygous, what should you do?
cross the species with an individual that expresses the RECESSIVE trait
Insight
(Animal Behavior)
occurs when an animal exposed to new situation without prior experience performs a behavior that generates a positive outcome.
Which is most involved in the slow block to polyspermy in sea urchins?
a) myosin filaments
b) zona pellucida
c) cortical granules
d) acrosome
c
cortical granules fuse to plasma membrane. enzymes then get released to harden the vitelline layer
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
A. C6H12O6, NADPH, and ATP
B. C6H12O6, NADP+, and ADP
C. CO2, NADPH, ATP
D. O2, NADP+, and ADP
E. O2, NADPH, and ATP
E
Differentiate between concentric, ecentric, and isometric contractions
Concentric contractions shorten muscle
eccentric contractions lengthen muscle
isometric contractions do not result in a change in length
Which part of the male reproductive system will secrete a basic fluid to neutralize both the acidity of the vagina and sperm?
Define a rain shadow.
WHich of the following would most likely be involved in food spoilage?
a) candida
b) rhizopus
c) lichen
prostate gland
An area without moisture on a mountain
B
What lab technique is the most accurate way to work out molecular structures?
X ray diffraction
the scattering of X-rays by the regularly spaced atoms of a crystal, useful in obtaining information about the structure of the crystal
Differentiate between:
blastula
morula
chorion
yolk sac
gastrula
blastula- hollow sphere of cells that forms during the process of blastulation
morula - solid ball of cells that later develops into the blastula during blastulation
chorion - membrane that develops around the embryo and regulates nutrient offspring from mother to offspring
yolk sac - a vascularized structure that provides blood supply to the developing embryo during the early stages
gastrula - structure that forms after the blastula has reorganized into a trilaminar structure (three layers).
How to determine a disorder that is x-linked recessive? (when looking at a pedigree)
In pedigrees, always look to see if the disease affects more males than females and skips generations, this is typically a X-linked recessive disease.
Repitlians have 3 chambered hearts, with the exception of _____, which have 4
crocodiles
What is the dominant stage of life cycle of mosses?
gametophyte
During the light reaction of photosynthesis, the pH inside of the thylakoids ____, making it ____
decreases, acidic
The process in an embryo in which on tissue causes another to differentiate is called:
a) mutation
b) induction
c) morulation
e) gastrulation
B
***gastrulation = development into germ layers***
Which molecule participates in endocytosis by forming a polyhedral lattice around coated pits?
a) histamine
b) dyenine
c) clathrin
d) spectrin
C
Actively contracting muscle tissue has a higher amount of _____ than in resting muscle tissue
T/F? Glycolysis is purely an aerobic respiration and cannot supply energy without the TCA.
lactate
FALSE - glycolysis is anaerobic and does not need the TCA
What are some common examples of protostomes?
Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the _____ while fatty acid synthesis occurs in the ___
mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
mitochondrial matrix, cytosol
Chromosome and chromatid number chart
Adenylyl cyclase is inactive until _____ binds so that it can convert ATP to cAMP
epinephrine
During the summer, the deeper waters are (low/high) in nutrients and the upper layers (low/high) in O2
deeper - high
upper - high
Layers of the bone
T/F? Blue-green algae are in the kingdom plantae, and thus have cell walls.
FALSE - they are prokaryotes! contain cell walls
Differentiate between monoecious, dioecious, gynoecious, and androecious.
monoecious = bear both sperm and egg on the same gametophyte
dioecious = distinctly male or female
gynoecious = distinctly female
androecious = distinctly male
Differentiate between the chorion, placenta, and allantois
chorion - extraembryonic membrane formed during development; allows for gas exchange in birds and reptiles, while in mammals it attaches to the endometrium and develops into the placenta
placenta - a structure that allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes from the embryo and the mother.
allantois - eventually forms the umbilical cord between the embryo and placenta, which functions in the transport of gases, nutrients, and waste
List the parts of a sarcomere
As the electrons fall through the electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane, in what direction do H+ ions flow? How does this affect the pH?
H+ ions flow into the thylakoid (OPPOSITE of mitochondria, where H+ ions flow OUT of the matrix).
The flow of H+ ions into the thylakoid decreases the pH because it becomes more acidic.
The bohr effect is seen in a (right/left) shift hemoglobin curve. Describe what this means.
bohr effect - hemoglobin has a higher affinity to CO2 when O2 is low; seen in acidic/right shift curve conditions
Which is used to distinguish self from non-self?
A. MHC II
B. B cells
C. Lysozyme
D. Helper T cells
E. Macrophages
A
Sebaceous glands can be found in all of the following areas EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Eyelids
B. Palms
C. Scalp
D. Underarms
E. Earlobes
B
Sebaceous glands are tiny glands in the skin that secrete an oil called sebum. They are located in the dermis of the skin and found nearly everywhere in human skin EXCEPT for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The body releases this oil to waterproof and protect the skin, but it also is a lipid and reduces friction. It doesn’t make sense to make your hands and feet slippery, so we can infer this must be the correct answer.
A morula is a solid ball of ____ cells.
It will continue to divide to made the _____ that implants in the uterus.
Implantation will take place at about day _____
32, blastocyst, 6
A bacteriophage carrying RNA infects a bacterial cell, generates DNA, and integrates itself into the host’s genome. After it integrates into the host’s genome, the bacteriophage is called a(n):
A. episome
B. vector
C. prophage
D. capsid
E. plasmid
C
T/F?
Mosses and ferns do not contain seeds.
TRUE
What increases the likelihood of crossover between two genes on a homologous chromosome?
distance - chances increase if they are more further apart
Alternation of Generations
The kangaroo rat is known to have very long loops of Henle, for it lives in a very dry environment. What kinds of foods would it eat to provide for a source of water?
foods that are high in fat - oxidation of fat provides water
Which of the following occurs during embryonic cleavage from zygote to morula?
A. Decrease in morula size.
B. Decrease in blastomere size.
C. Differentiation of blastomeres to pluripotent cells.
D. Formation of the blastocyst.
E. Invagination into zygote to form the neural tube.
B
What factor is responsible for the striations in skeletal muscle?
a) alternating between the thick actin filaments and the thin myosin filaments
b) alternating between the thin actin filaments and the thick myosin filaments
c) the I band
d) light bands of the myosin interdigitating with the dark bands of the acting
B
A distinguishing feature of t-RNA is the presence of unsualy bases ______, ______, and _______
methylinosine, pseudouridine, and 4-thiouridine
Embryonic Development
T/F? Trapped osteoblasts within the small spaces of bone mature into fibroblasts.
FALSE - once trapped, osteoblasts will mature into osteocytes
Archegonia
a structure that contiains the female gamete in bryophytes
Layers of a developing fetus
Long bone
skips generations = autosomal recessive
no skip = autosomal dominant
x linked = if most of the males are affected
A specific X-linked recessive allele is lethal. Males that inherit the recessive allele and females that are homozygous recessive will abort before birth. What is the probability that a heterozygous mother will give birth to a child with only one copy of the recessive allele?
A. 0
B. 1/4
C. 1/3
D. 1/2
E. 1
C
Germ Layer
Food pyramid picture
A population of fish is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Red-colored scales are a dominant trait and blue-colored scales are a recessive trait. In the population, 36% of the fish display red-colored scales. What percent of the population in the next generation is expected to be homozygous dominant?
A. 4%
B. 20%
C. 36%
D. 64%
E. 80%
A
Reactants and products of metabolic processes
Law of Segregation vs. Law of Independent Assortment
