Bootcamp Chapter 8

Question 1

T/F? Samples that are viewed under electron microscopy are not living.

Answer 1

TRUE - samples must be fixed, stained, and killed

Question 2

What type of microscope allows for the visualization of live cells?

a) bright field microscopes
b) stereo microscope
c) phase contrast microscopes
d) compound microscopes

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Fluorescence microscopes rely on the _____ of _____ from a particle that has absorbed light for visualization of a specimen

Answer 3

emission of photons

Question 4

Dichroic Filter

Answer 4

a filter used in fluorescence microscopy that reflect certain wavelengths and allows some to pass through

Question 5

Distortions in an image in fluorescence microscopy are referred to as ______

Answer 5

artifacts

Question 6

Which microscope is typically used to observe chromosomes during mitosis?

Answer 6

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

Question 7

What type of microscopy is used to view UNSTAINED samples of LIVE cells?

Answer 7

dark field microscopy

Question 8

Scanning electron microscopy contains _____ samples, while cyro-SEM contains _____ samples

Answer 8

dehydrated, frozen

Both types of SEM kill the sample!

Question 9

Which type of microscope allows for a high resolution 2D image of a samples internal structure?

Answer 9

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Question 10

You are viewing 3D internal structures of the mitochondria. What process is used to allow this? How does it work?

Answer 10

Electron tomography (not a type of microscope) - done by sandwiching TEM images together

Question 11

Refer and review tables pages 117-118 in DAT bootcamp

Answer 11

review

Question 12

A grad student needs to manually count the number of cells in her sample. What technique/material might she use?

Answer 12

Hemocytometers - a gridded slide

Question 13

Plant cells are being centrifuged for study. What might you expect to pellet (precipitate) first?

Answer 13

The densest and most compact particles

Question 14

Organize the following constituents from the most dense to least dense

ribosomes, ER fragments, nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Answer 14

From most dense to least dense - nuclei > mitochondria/chloroplast> ER fragments > ribosomes

Question 15

The slight difference that are in the human genome occur every 1000 nucleotides. These are referred to as _____ ______ _____.

Answer 15

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 16

Restriction enzymes

Answer 16

enzymes that will cut DNA at palindromic (inverted mirror) sequences to product sticky or blunt ends when making recombinant DNA

Question 17

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

Answer 17

Unique lengths of DNA that result from restriction enzymes

Question 18

What can be used to allow for the comparison between individuals through the polymorphisms in DNA length?

Answer 18

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms - DNA fingerprinting uses this to ID people!

Question 19

What heat resistant enzyme is used in polymerase. chain reaction?

Answer 19

Taq polymerase

Question 20

When is the temperature lowered during PCR?

Answer 20

during primer annealing; denaturation starts to split DNA strands but process must cool down to allow RNA primers to anneal

Question 21

T/F? Bacterial cloning will clone prokaryotic cells in eukaryotic gene products.

Answer 21

FALSE - it will clone eukaryotic gene products in prokaryotic cells!

Question 22

Vector

Answer 22

a piece of DNA that can be taken up by cells, allowing DNA to be replicated, transcribed, and translated

Question 23

What process allows for transformation (taking up DNA from the environment) to occur?

Answer 23

electroporation - electricity is applied to the cells, creating holes in the plasma membrane

Question 24

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 24

an electric field is applied to agarose gel to create a negative cathode at the top of the gel, and a positive anode at the bottom

Question 25

In gel electrophoresis, what is being prevented from migrating towards the positively charged anode?

*note - recall that the DNA being inserted in negatively charged!

Answer 25

pores created from electrophoresis will obstruct the movement of larger fragments - smaller fragments will proceed to the bottom

Question 26

Gel electrophoresis will separate fragments based on ____ and ______

Answer 26

charge and size

Question 27

Southern blotting is used to ID ______

Northern blotting is used to ID _____ using ____ probes

Which technique utilizes sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) to quantify amount of target protein in a sample?

Answer 27

DNA

RNA, RNA

Western blotting

SNOW DROP

Question 28

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Answer 28

determines if a specific antigen exists in a person

Question 29

Pulse Chase Experiments

Answer 29

demonstrate how a protein moves through a cell; gives into about gene expression

Question 30

What are DNA microarrays typically used for?

Answer 30

determine which genes are expressed and which are not expressed in a type of cell

example - cancer research

Question 31

In order to a clone an animal via reproductive clone, a somatic cell would need to be reverted from its _____ to its _____ state

Answer 31

multipotent, totipotent

Question 32

Differentiate between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipoint.

Answer 32

Totipotent - can give rise to an entire organism because it can product extra embryonic membranes

Pluripotent - can give rise to any cell type because it can differentiate into any of the three germ layers

Multipotent - cannot develop into an entire organism and can only give rise to some of the germ layers, but not all

Question 33

Fluorescence Return After Photobleaching (FRAP)

Answer 33

a type of live cell visualization that allows researches to see how and where biomolecules are moving in a live cell

gives quantitative insight to cell dynamics

Question 34

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)

Answer 34

gives quantitative measure of the concentration of various ions, molecules, and gases in a cell - achieved by irradiating cell samples with light and measuring their fluorescent lifetime

Question 35

Knockout Mice

Answer 35

a genetically modified mouse in which researchers have inactivated, or “knocked out”, an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA

Question 36

Which types of microscopes can view LIVING samples?

Answer 36

dark field, phase contrast, confocal laser scanning, stereomicroscope (light), compound microscope (light), and fluorescence