Bootcamp Chapter 4 Flashcards
Which chlorophyll a molecules form PS1 and PSII, respectively?
P700 - PS1
P680 - PSII
Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobilins, and xanthphylls function to - ?
capture wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not
What type of light is most effective at promoting photosynthesis?
a) red
b) blue
c) green
d) two of the above
D - red and blue
What is the overall goal of the light dependent reaction (noncyclic photophosphorylation)?
Attach a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP using light
Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
Where does photolysis take place?
thylakoid membranes, thylakoid lumen
Describe the process of the light dependent reaction (up to termination ONLY).
1) electrons in PSII energized by light
2) electrons go to primary electron acceptor
3) electrons go to the electron transport chain, made of a plastoquinone complex
4) two electrons move down and lose energy, which is used to phosphorylate 1.5 ATP
5) ETC will terminate with PS1; electrons are energized by sunlight and passed to primary electron acceptor
What is the overall goal of cyclic photophosphorylation?
Replenish ATP when the Calvin cycle consumes it
When the excited 2e -
from __ join with protein carriers in the first electron transport chain and generate ___ as
they pass through, these 2e - are ______ into ____ and can take either ______ or ______ path
PS1, 1 ATP, recycled, PS1 noncyclic or cyclic
Where does cyclic photophosphorylation occur?
stroma lamella - the pieces that connect the thylakoids
What is the overall goal of the Calvin cycle?
a process that occurs 6 times; makes CO2 and uses 6CO2 to make glucose
What is used to drive the dark reactions?
light energy - photons
Where do the dark reactions occur?
stroma
What catalyzes the conversion of 6CO2 + 6 RuBP to 12PGA in the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle?
rubisco
___ATP + 12NADPH converts 12___ into what products in the reduction step of the Calvin cycle?
12 ATP + 12 NADPH converts 12 PGA into 12G3P or 12PGAL
What allows for the regeneration step of the Calvin cycle?
6ATP converts 10G3P into 6 RuBP
During carbohydrate synthesis, how many G3P are used to build glucose?
2 G3P which comes from 1 glucose molecule
T/F? The stroma is what comprises the mitochondrial matrix.
FALSE - the stroma is the fluid inside the inter membrane space of the chlorophyll.
Which structure inside the chlorophyl contains PS1, PSII, cytochromes, and other electron carriers?
Thylakoids
Where do H+ accumulate within the chloroplast?
Thylakoid lumen
Describe how ATP is generated in the chloroplast.
An established proton gradient will use ATP synthase to move H+ from the inside of the thylakoid lumen, outside to the stroma.
Where do the H+ ions come from in chemiosmosis?
- H+ released into the lumen when water is split by PSII
- carried into lumen from stroma by cytochrome between PSII and PSI
How many H+ ions are needed to make 1 ATP? `
3
T/F - Rubisco will fix both CO2 and oxygen at the same time if both are present.
True
Overall goal of C2 photosynthesis, or photorespiration.
Fixes oxygen by rubisco enzyme, but does not produce ATP or sugar; byproducts are metabolized by peroxisomes
In C4 photosynthesis, CO2 will enter a leaf and get absorbed by _____, which will move to ____ ___ cells.
What will CO2 combine with under the enzyme PEP carboxylase?
mesophyll, bundle sheath cells
CO2 will combine with PEP to form OAA by PEP carboxylase.
OAA will be converted to _____, then transported through ______ into bundle sheath cells.
malate, plasmodesmata
Malate is converted to what two products before entering the Calvin cycle?
pyruvate and CO2; CO2 is used in the Calvin cycle.
C3 occurs in _____ cells, while C4 occurs in _____ ____ cells.
mesophyll, bundle sheath
After malate is broken into pyruvate and CO2, CO2 will be used in the Calvin cycle and pyruvate will be moved back to the _____, where it will get turned back into ____, to make _____.
mesophyll, PEP, ATP (1ATP will be made into AMP)
What is the advantage of CAM photosynthesis?
Can proceed during the day while stomata are closed (reducing water loss).
CAM photosynthesis is almost identical to C4, but instead of OAA being converted to malate, it gets converted to ______
malic acid
In CAM photosynthesis, malic acid made from OAA will be shuttled into the _____ of the cell.
At night, stomata are (open/closed_ and PEP carboxylase is (active/inactive) - which allows malic acid to _____.
What happens to the malic acid come daytime?
vacuole
open, active, accumulate
malic acid that accumulated will move out of the vacuole and gets converted back to OAA, releasing CO2 and PEP
When malic acid moves out of the vacuole and gets converted to OAA in the daytime, how much ATP does this require?
1
When malic acid moves out of the vacuole and gets converted to OAA in the daytime, releasing CO2 - what is this CO2 used for?
CO2 will move into the Calvin cycle
