Bootcamp Chapter 11

Question 1

Describe the following features of a plant embryo:

radicle
hypocotyl
plumule
epicotyl

Answer 1

radicle - part of the embryo that develops into the young root

hypocotyl - bottom region of the young shoot

epicotyl - develops into the shoot tip

plumule - area between hypocotyl and epicotyl; eventually develops into young leaves

Question 2

What are the first leaves to appear on a seedling?

Where are nutrients stored in monocots?

Answer 2

cotyledon, endosperm

Question 3

____ are areas of a plant where growth takes place via repeated cell division

growth first happens at the ____ meristems

Answer 3

meristems, apical

Question 4

Differentiate between primary and secondary growth

Answer 4

primary - vertical growth of a plant at its apical meristems

secondary - horizontal growth of a plant at its lateral meristems

Question 5

The secondary xylem forms the ____. Constant production of this is what forms ___ _____ in a cross section of a tree.

Secondary phloem contributes to the ____.

____ _____ is a ring of meristematic tissue located beyond the phloem; these repeatedly divide to form ____

Answer 5

wood, growth rings, bark

cork cambium, cork

Question 6

T/F? All plants undergo primary and secondary growth.

Answer 6

FALSE - all plants undergo primary but ONLY WOODY plants undergo secondary growth

Question 7

Define the following terms on ground tissue

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

Which have the thinnest cell walls? Thickest?

Answer 7

parenchyma - these tissue cells act as filler tissue and make up the bulk of the entire plant

collenchyma - provide extra support

sclerenchyma - main structural support of the plant

parenchyma = thinnest
schlerenchyma = thickest

Question 8

The term ‘sink’ in reference to plants means _____

Answer 8

where the material is used

for example - phloem transports sugars from the leaves to the roots

Question 9

Phloem is made up of what kinds of cells?

Answer 9

sieve and companion cells

Question 10

Sieve cells lack _____ because they need to quickly transport sugars. Because of this, they are connected via _____ to _____ cells to carry out ___ ____

Answer 10

organelles, plasmodesmata, companion, metabolic functions

Question 11

Xylem is made up of what kinds of cells?

What are their functions?

Answer 11

tracheas and vessel elements; both provide structural support and water conduction

Question 12

Phloem and xylem are arranged to form the ___, which is the _____ part of the root or stem

Answer 12

stele, central

Question 13

The stele is made up of xylem, phloem, and what other additional component?

Answer 13

pith

Question 14

Describe the two ways that water can move between cells in plants.

Answer 14

symplastic - water movement through cytoplasma

apoplectic - water movement outside the cell, with the cell wall

Question 15

This structure helps regulate the type and amount of substances that can enter through the roots and travel through the rest of the plant. It is made up of an waxy and impenetrable material.

Answer 15

Casparian strip

Question 16

Differentiate between the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll.

These are found where?

Answer 16

palisade - tightly packed cells that do photosynthesis; found closer to the upper epidermis

spongy - loosely packed; found closer to the lower epidermis

the palisade and spongy mesophyll are found in between the upper and lower epidermis

Question 17

Bundle sheath cells are only found in what types of plants?

Answer 17

C4 and CAM plants

Question 18

What is the main driving force behind the transport of water from the roots to the leaves?

Answer 18

transpiration - when water evaporates through stomata; transpirational pull is a cohesive force

Question 19

Transpirational pull is a ___ force, while capillary action is a ____ force

Answer 19

cohesive, adhesive

Question 20

Transpiration is helpful in delivering water, but it can also pose a threat due to ____

Answer 20

desiccation

Question 21

Define the following hormones:

ethylene
auxin
cytokinins
gibberellins
abscisic acid

Answer 21

ethylene - ripening; gaseous

auxin - growth of stems by loosening cellulose fibers and increasing cell wall plasticity

cytokinins - regulate cell differentiation and division

gibberellins - stem and shoot elongation, elimination of dormancy, flowering, production of fruits, as well as leaf and fruit death

abscisic acid - functions in times of plant stress

Question 22

Which hormones can prevent senescence of plants?

Auxin will function with which hormone to promote cell division and differentiation?

Which hormone is responsible for tropism?

Answer 22

cytokinin

cytokinin

auxin

Question 23

Thigmotropism

Answer 23

growth in response to contact

example - a vine growing up a wall

Question 24

Alternation of Generations

Answer 24

the ability for an organism to regularly exist in and alternate between both haploid and diploid forms

Question 25

Draw and memorize the alternation of generation diagram on page 398

Answer 25

draw

Question 26

Sporophytes produce ____ while gametophytes produce _____

Where are spores formed?

Answer 26

spores, gametes

sporangia

Question 27

What gender are microspores and megaspores?

Answer 27

micro - male

mega - female

Question 28

Bryophytes are _____ plants. In appearance they are typically ___ and ____, and grow in moist habitats

What are common examples of bryophytes?

Answer 28

nonvascular, small and short

liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

“Bryan live more, honey”

Question 29

Tracheophytes contain two types of vascular plants seedless and those that contain seeds.

What are some common examples of seedless tracheophytes?

Seed bearing tracheophytes are broken down into ___ and ___

Answer 29

club moss, quillworts, fern, and horsetail

gymnosperms and angiosperms

“trae went to club moss with quill, fern, and horse”

Question 30

Gymnosperms are seed bearing tracheophytes whose seeds are (unprotected/protected).

A common example are the ___.

They contain (unflagellated/flagellated) sperm.

Answer 30

unprotected, conifers, unflagellated

Question 31

Which heterosporous plant can undergo double fertilization?

Answer 31

angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 32

The stamen is the ____ plant sex organ. It is composed of what structures?

The ___ is the female plant sex organ. It is composed of what structures?

Answer 32

male, anther and filament

female, stigma, style, and ovary

Question 33

Describe what happens when pollen lands on the stigma of another plant

Answer 33

The tube cell will alginate down the style towards the ovary to form the pollen tube

Question 34

Gene migration

*in regards to plants

Answer 34

animal eats fruit, poops it out in a different location - genes of the angiosperm are now spread to a new location

Question 35

Which plant type is divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

Answer 35

angiosperms

Question 36

Refer to page 404 for comparison chart between monocots and dicots

Answer 36

.

Question 37

Differentiate between nitrogen fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria

Answer 37

nitrogen fixing - fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium

nitrifying - convert ammonium into nitrites, then nitrites into nitrates

Question 38

Denitrifying bacteria will convert _____ into ______

Answer 38

nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)