Bootcamp Chapter 11 Flashcards
Describe the following features of a plant embryo:
radicle
hypocotyl
plumule
epicotyl
radicle - part of the embryo that develops into the young root
hypocotyl - bottom region of the young shoot
epicotyl - develops into the shoot tip
plumule - area between hypocotyl and epicotyl; eventually develops into young leaves
What are the first leaves to appear on a seedling?
Where are nutrients stored in monocots?
cotyledon, endosperm
____ are areas of a plant where growth takes place via repeated cell division
growth first happens at the ____ meristems
meristems, apical
Differentiate between primary and secondary growth
primary - vertical growth of a plant at its apical meristems
secondary - horizontal growth of a plant at its lateral meristems
The secondary xylem forms the ____. Constant production of this is what forms ___ _____ in a cross section of a tree.
Secondary phloem contributes to the ____.
____ _____ is a ring of meristematic tissue located beyond the phloem; these repeatedly divide to form ____
wood, growth rings, bark
cork cambium, cork
T/F? All plants undergo primary and secondary growth.
FALSE - all plants undergo primary but ONLY WOODY plants undergo secondary growth
Define the following terms on ground tissue
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
Which have the thinnest cell walls? Thickest?
parenchyma - these tissue cells act as filler tissue and make up the bulk of the entire plant
collenchyma - provide extra support
sclerenchyma - main structural support of the plant
parenchyma = thinnest schlerenchyma = thickest
The term ‘sink’ in reference to plants means _____
where the material is used
for example - phloem transports sugars from the leaves to the roots
Phloem is made up of what kinds of cells?
sieve and companion cells
Sieve cells lack _____ because they need to quickly transport sugars. Because of this, they are connected via _____ to _____ cells to carry out ___ ____
organelles, plasmodesmata, companion, metabolic functions
Xylem is made up of what kinds of cells?
What are their functions?
tracheas and vessel elements; both provide structural support and water conduction
Phloem and xylem are arranged to form the ___, which is the _____ part of the root or stem
stele, central
The stele is made up of xylem, phloem, and what other additional component?
pith
Describe the two ways that water can move between cells in plants.
symplastic - water movement through cytoplasma
apoplectic - water movement outside the cell, with the cell wall
This structure helps regulate the type and amount of substances that can enter through the roots and travel through the rest of the plant. It is made up of an waxy and impenetrable material.
Casparian strip
Differentiate between the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll.
These are found where?
palisade - tightly packed cells that do photosynthesis; found closer to the upper epidermis
spongy - loosely packed; found closer to the lower epidermis
the palisade and spongy mesophyll are found in between the upper and lower epidermis
Bundle sheath cells are only found in what types of plants?
C4 and CAM plants
What is the main driving force behind the transport of water from the roots to the leaves?
transpiration - when water evaporates through stomata; transpirational pull is a cohesive force
Transpirational pull is a ___ force, while capillary action is a ____ force
cohesive, adhesive
Transpiration is helpful in delivering water, but it can also pose a threat due to ____
desiccation
Define the following hormones:
ethylene auxin cytokinins gibberellins abscisic acid
ethylene - ripening; gaseous
auxin - growth of stems by loosening cellulose fibers and increasing cell wall plasticity
cytokinins - regulate cell differentiation and division
gibberellins - stem and shoot elongation, elimination of dormancy, flowering, production of fruits, as well as leaf and fruit death
abscisic acid - functions in times of plant stress
Which hormones can prevent senescence of plants?
Auxin will function with which hormone to promote cell division and differentiation?
Which hormone is responsible for tropism?
cytokinin
cytokinin
auxin
Thigmotropism
growth in response to contact
example - a vine growing up a wall
Alternation of Generations
the ability for an organism to regularly exist in and alternate between both haploid and diploid forms
Draw and memorize the alternation of generation diagram on page 398
draw
Sporophytes produce ____ while gametophytes produce _____
Where are spores formed?
spores, gametes
sporangia
What gender are microspores and megaspores?
micro - male
mega - female
Bryophytes are _____ plants. In appearance they are typically ___ and ____, and grow in moist habitats
What are common examples of bryophytes?
nonvascular, small and short
liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
“Bryan live more, honey”
Tracheophytes contain two types of vascular plants seedless and those that contain seeds.
What are some common examples of seedless tracheophytes?
Seed bearing tracheophytes are broken down into ___ and ___
club moss, quillworts, fern, and horsetail
gymnosperms and angiosperms
“trae went to club moss with quill, fern, and horse”
Gymnosperms are seed bearing tracheophytes whose seeds are (unprotected/protected).
A common example are the ___.
They contain (unflagellated/flagellated) sperm.
unprotected, conifers, unflagellated
Which heterosporous plant can undergo double fertilization?
angiosperms and gymnosperms
The stamen is the ____ plant sex organ. It is composed of what structures?
The ___ is the female plant sex organ. It is composed of what structures?
male, anther and filament
female, stigma, style, and ovary
Describe what happens when pollen lands on the stigma of another plant
The tube cell will alginate down the style towards the ovary to form the pollen tube
Gene migration
*in regards to plants
animal eats fruit, poops it out in a different location - genes of the angiosperm are now spread to a new location
Which plant type is divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons?
angiosperms
Refer to page 404 for comparison chart between monocots and dicots
.
Differentiate between nitrogen fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria
nitrogen fixing - fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium
nitrifying - convert ammonium into nitrites, then nitrites into nitrates
Denitrifying bacteria will convert _____ into ______
nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
