Bootcamp Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the following features of a plant embryo:

radicle
hypocotyl
plumule
epicotyl

A

radicle - part of the embryo that develops into the young root

hypocotyl - bottom region of the young shoot

epicotyl - develops into the shoot tip

plumule - area between hypocotyl and epicotyl; eventually develops into young leaves

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2
Q

What are the first leaves to appear on a seedling?

Where are nutrients stored in monocots?

A

cotyledon, endosperm

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3
Q

____ are areas of a plant where growth takes place via repeated cell division

growth first happens at the ____ meristems

A

meristems, apical

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4
Q

Differentiate between primary and secondary growth

A

primary - vertical growth of a plant at its apical meristems

secondary - horizontal growth of a plant at its lateral meristems

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5
Q

The secondary xylem forms the ____. Constant production of this is what forms ___ _____ in a cross section of a tree.

Secondary phloem contributes to the ____.

____ _____ is a ring of meristematic tissue located beyond the phloem; these repeatedly divide to form ____

A

wood, growth rings, bark

cork cambium, cork

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6
Q

T/F? All plants undergo primary and secondary growth.

A

FALSE - all plants undergo primary but ONLY WOODY plants undergo secondary growth

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7
Q

Define the following terms on ground tissue

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

Which have the thinnest cell walls? Thickest?

A

parenchyma - these tissue cells act as filler tissue and make up the bulk of the entire plant

collenchyma - provide extra support

sclerenchyma - main structural support of the plant

parenchyma = thinnest
schlerenchyma = thickest
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8
Q

The term ‘sink’ in reference to plants means _____

A

where the material is used

for example - phloem transports sugars from the leaves to the roots

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9
Q

Phloem is made up of what kinds of cells?

A

sieve and companion cells

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10
Q

Sieve cells lack _____ because they need to quickly transport sugars. Because of this, they are connected via _____ to _____ cells to carry out ___ ____

A

organelles, plasmodesmata, companion, metabolic functions

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11
Q

Xylem is made up of what kinds of cells?

What are their functions?

A

tracheas and vessel elements; both provide structural support and water conduction

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12
Q

Phloem and xylem are arranged to form the ___, which is the _____ part of the root or stem

A

stele, central

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13
Q

The stele is made up of xylem, phloem, and what other additional component?

A

pith

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14
Q

Describe the two ways that water can move between cells in plants.

A

symplastic - water movement through cytoplasma

apoplectic - water movement outside the cell, with the cell wall

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15
Q

This structure helps regulate the type and amount of substances that can enter through the roots and travel through the rest of the plant. It is made up of an waxy and impenetrable material.

A

Casparian strip

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16
Q

Differentiate between the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll.

These are found where?

A

palisade - tightly packed cells that do photosynthesis; found closer to the upper epidermis

spongy - loosely packed; found closer to the lower epidermis

the palisade and spongy mesophyll are found in between the upper and lower epidermis

17
Q

Bundle sheath cells are only found in what types of plants?

A

C4 and CAM plants

18
Q

What is the main driving force behind the transport of water from the roots to the leaves?

A

transpiration - when water evaporates through stomata; transpirational pull is a cohesive force

19
Q

Transpirational pull is a ___ force, while capillary action is a ____ force

A

cohesive, adhesive

20
Q

Transpiration is helpful in delivering water, but it can also pose a threat due to ____

A

desiccation

21
Q

Define the following hormones:

ethylene
auxin
cytokinins
gibberellins
abscisic acid
A

ethylene - ripening; gaseous

auxin - growth of stems by loosening cellulose fibers and increasing cell wall plasticity

cytokinins - regulate cell differentiation and division

gibberellins - stem and shoot elongation, elimination of dormancy, flowering, production of fruits, as well as leaf and fruit death

abscisic acid - functions in times of plant stress

22
Q

Which hormones can prevent senescence of plants?

Auxin will function with which hormone to promote cell division and differentiation?

Which hormone is responsible for tropism?

A

cytokinin

cytokinin

auxin

23
Q

Thigmotropism

A

growth in response to contact

example - a vine growing up a wall

24
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

the ability for an organism to regularly exist in and alternate between both haploid and diploid forms

25
Q

Draw and memorize the alternation of generation diagram on page 398

A

draw

26
Q

Sporophytes produce ____ while gametophytes produce _____

Where are spores formed?

A

spores, gametes

sporangia

27
Q

What gender are microspores and megaspores?

A

micro - male

mega - female

28
Q

Bryophytes are _____ plants. In appearance they are typically ___ and ____, and grow in moist habitats

What are common examples of bryophytes?

A

nonvascular, small and short

liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

“Bryan live more, honey”

29
Q

Tracheophytes contain two types of vascular plants seedless and those that contain seeds.

What are some common examples of seedless tracheophytes?

Seed bearing tracheophytes are broken down into ___ and ___

A

club moss, quillworts, fern, and horsetail

gymnosperms and angiosperms

“trae went to club moss with quill, fern, and horse”

30
Q

Gymnosperms are seed bearing tracheophytes whose seeds are (unprotected/protected).

A common example are the ___.

They contain (unflagellated/flagellated) sperm.

A

unprotected, conifers, unflagellated

31
Q

Which heterosporous plant can undergo double fertilization?

A

angiosperms and gymnosperms

32
Q

The stamen is the ____ plant sex organ. It is composed of what structures?

The ___ is the female plant sex organ. It is composed of what structures?

A

male, anther and filament

female, stigma, style, and ovary

33
Q

Describe what happens when pollen lands on the stigma of another plant

A

The tube cell will alginate down the style towards the ovary to form the pollen tube

34
Q

Gene migration

*in regards to plants

A

animal eats fruit, poops it out in a different location - genes of the angiosperm are now spread to a new location

35
Q

Which plant type is divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

A

angiosperms

36
Q

Refer to page 404 for comparison chart between monocots and dicots

A

.

37
Q

Differentiate between nitrogen fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria

A

nitrogen fixing - fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium

nitrifying - convert ammonium into nitrites, then nitrites into nitrates

38
Q

Denitrifying bacteria will convert _____ into ______

A

nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)