Bootcamp Chapter 5

Question 1

Karyotyping is performed at which stage of mitosis?

Answer 1

Metaphase

Question 2

Cytokinesis begins at the end of which stage of mitosis?

Answer 2

anaphase

Question 3

Animal cells will undergo cytokinesis via the formation of a ___ ____, while plant cells separate via a ___ ____.

Answer 3

cleavage furrow, cell plate

Question 4

Which stage is characterized by the shortening of acting and myosin microfilaments as the plasma membrane is pulled to the center?

Answer 4

cytokinesis

Question 5

T/F - In plant cell cytokinesis, the plant cells do not actually separate and are instead cemented together by middle lamellae.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

This checkpoint ensures everything is ready for DNA synthesis before proceeding to the next phase in interphase.

Answer 6

G1

Question 7

Which phase of interphase will provide sister chromatids?

Answer 7

S phase - sister chromatids/DNA synthesis

Question 8

Organelles are replicated and the cell undergoes rapid cell growth as it prepares for cellular division in the ____ phase.

Answer 8

G2

Question 9

Identify and describe the functional limitations of the cell cycle?

Answer 9

Surface to volume ration - cellular exchange becomes harder as this decreases and eventually leads to cell death or division; cell exchange is easier when the cell is large

Genome to volume. - this does not change throughout a cell’s life; as G/V decreases, the cell exceeds its ability of its genome to produce enough proteins for regulation in the cell

Question 10

What are the 5 cell specific regulations to cell division?

Answer 10

1) cell cycle checkpoints
2) cyclin-dependent kinsases
3) growth factor
4) density dependent inhibition
5) anchorage dependence

Question 11

Which checkpoint will ensures for proper cell growth and favorable conditions?

Answer 11

End of G1 - restriction point

Question 12

Which checkpoint evaluates the accuracy of DNA replication and will signal whether to begin mitosis?

What hormone will allow it mitosis to proceed?

Answer 12

End of G2

MPF

Question 13

Mitosis will stop if the chromosomes are not ______ to the ____ _____; this is evaluated during the _____ checkpoint, which occurs during ______.

Answer 13

attached, spindle fibers, M, metaphase

Question 14

CDK enzymes function to regulate the cell cycle by _______ and are activated by the protein ______.

Answer 14

phosphorylation, cyclin

Question 15

T/F? Most cells only divide when attached to an external surface.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Describe how cancer drugs work to inhibit mitosis of cancer cells.

Answer 16

Disrupt microtubules by preventing them from separating chromosomes during anaphase > stop replication

Question 17

Myeloma

Answer 17

cancerous plasma cell

Question 18

T/F? There is no separation of sister chromatids in meiosis I

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

Identify and describe the sub-steps of Prophase I.

Answer 19

Leptotene - chromosomes condense

Zygotene - synapsis begins, formation of synaptonemal complex

Pachytene - synapsis is complete, crossing over begins

Diplotene - synaptonemal complex disappears

Diakinesis - nuclear envelope fragments, chromosomes complete condensing, tetrads are ready for metaphase

Question 20

Crossing over will occur during ______ ____ of meiosis, specifically during _____.

Answer 20

prophase I, pachytene

Question 21

T/F - In prophase II, the nuclear envelope will disappear, but the chiasmata are still present.

Answer 21

FALSE

Question 22

What events will produce genetic variation from recombination events?

Answer 22

crossing over, independent assortment, and random joining of gametes

Question 23

When are chromosomes best seen under a microscope?

Answer 23

Metaphase

Question 24

Once sister chromatids separate during _____, they are now considered a ______.

What does this mean?

Answer 24

anaphase, chromosome

This means that the chromosome and chromatid number are now EQUAL

Question 25

The (chromasome/chromatid) number will only change if the sister chromatids separate in mitosis.

Answer 25

chromosome; only changes in anaphase and telophase

Question 26

T/F? A change in chromosome and chromatid numbers is not seen in meiosis I.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

In anaphase II, the sister chromatids will split apart, which will ___ the chromosome number

Answer 27

double