Bootcamp Chapter 13 Flashcards
Homologous Structures
may or may not perform the same function, but are derived from a common ancestor
example: forearm of a bird and human
Analogous Structures
structures that have the same functions but are NOT** from a common ancestor
example - wing of birds and bats
Who proposed the theory of catastrophism?
What does this theory imply?
Cuvier
there were sudden catastrophes that happened spontaneously throughout the course of history, causing mass extinction of species
Which scientist proposed “use and disuse” and the inheritance of acquired traits?
Lamarck
Which is NOT a requirement in order for natural selection to occur?
a) more demand than supply (competition)
b) variation of traits
c) variation of traits must be significant to reproduction or survival
d) there must be a certain amount of organisms within a niche to reproduce
D
Differentiate between disruptive and directional selection.
Disruptive - both extremes are favored
Directional - ONE extreme is favored
Hardy Weinberg Equations
p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2
= 1
p = frequency of the dominant allele (G )
q = frequency of the recessive allele (g )
p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant (G G)
2pq = frequency of heterozygous (G g)
q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive (g g)
T/F? If both hardy Weinberg equations = 100%, then the population would be under HW equilibrium
true
What are the conditions for HW equilibrium?
“large random M&M”
- large population
- random mating
- no mutation
- no natural selection
- no migration
Genetic Drift
the random increase or decrease of allele frequencies
What are the types of prezygotic isolation?
- habitat
- temporal
- behavioral
- mechanical
- gamete
What are the components of postzygutic isolation?
- hybrid mortality
- hybrid sterility
- hybrid F2 breakdown
Sympatric speciation
How is this achieved?
Speciation without the presence of a geographical barrier
- balanced polymorphism
- polyploidy
- hybridization
Phyletic Gradualism
evolution happened gradually with the accumulation of many small intermediate changes
Differentiate between divergent, convergent, parallel, and coevolution
divergent - species diverge from a common ancestor
convergent - two unrelated species grow to be alike due to adaptations to environment
parallel - two related species diverse from a common ancestor but they went through similar changes
coevolution - two species impart selective pressure on each other, resulting in evolution of both species
