Bootcamp Chapter 10.1 - 10.4 Flashcards
Which invertebrate animals have an open circulatory system?
Mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata
Which type of worm contains a closed circulatory system?
annelida - earthworms
Segmented worms, aka ____ have multiple hearts called ___ ____, which pump blood in a circuit.
earthworms, aortic arches
Amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic chordates, meaning _____
their internal temperature fluctuates in response to the environmental temperature
Three chambered hearts, which are found in ____ and ____ - are also called ___ ____ ___ because blood passes through them ___ before being sent out to orgrans
amphibians and reptiles, double circulation hearts
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?
prevent back flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria
AV valves are attached to ____ muscles via stringy tendons called ___ ___. These muscles function to _____ to close the AV valves and prevent valve _____
papillary, chord tendinae, contract, inversion
Flow of blood through the heart?
Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
Endothelial cells that line the inside of the heart’s four chambers is called the ____
endocardium
Function of the atrioventricular node?
adds a brief delay in between the atria contracting and the contraction of the ventricles, once the SA node is depolarized
After the brief delay caused by the AV node, the electrical signal is sent to the ____ ___ __, which is found int he ____ septum, that separates the ____
bundle of His, interventricular, ventricles
Purkinje Fibers
found in the walls of the ventricles; ensure a coordinated contraction of both ventricles
Systole occurs ____ the ventricles eject blood into the ____ they connect to.
Diastole occurs after the _____ contract to fill the _____ .
after, arteries
atria, ventricles
Describe what “Lub” and “dub” are attributed to in the cardiac cycle.
Lub - left and right ventricles are contracting, which causes the semilunar valves to OPEN as AV valves CLOSE
Dub - left and right atria are contracting; opens AV valves so blood can fill RL ventricles; semilunar valves are closed
Gap Junctions
protein tunnels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
Parts of an EKG
P wave - atrial depolarization
Q wave - initiates ventricular depolarization
R wave - depolarization through both ventricles
S - completion of ventricular DP
T wave - ventricular depolarization
What is a normal heart rate?
Stroke Volume
How to find stroke volume?
How to find cardiac output?
How to find mean arterial pressure?
60 to 100 bpm
the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat
subtract ESV - EDV
CO = HR x SV
MAP = CO x TPR or (HR x SV) x TPR
Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscles cells that can be used to control the diameter of the vessel?
tunica media
Arteries and arterioles are elastic, due to a thick ___ ___
tunica media
What types of vessels will show a frequent drop in blood pressure, due to high resistance of flow?
arterioles
Arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Two exceptions are?
pulmonary and umbilical arteries - carry DO blood away from the heart
Capillaries will branch off of ___ and connect to ____ on the other side. These lie _____ arteries and veins.
arterioles, venues, between
Activated platelets release ____ in response to damaged tissue and exposed collagen. This will convert prothrombin into its active form, ______. Activated ____ will convert fibrinogen to ____
thromboplastin, thrombin, fibrin
Which vitamin is important for clotting?
K
Which cells are the precursor to platelets? Do these contain a nucleus?
Megakaryocytes; they are anucleate
Type O Blood contains what types of antigen?
type O does not have neither A or B!
What is the universal donor?
type O (-)
recall that type O does not have a or b antigens. O (_) also does not have an Rh surface antigen
What is the universal acceptor?
AB (+) because they have both a and b surface antigens, as well as the rh surface antigen
Ductus arteriosus
allows DO blood to leave the pulmonary artery and into the descending aorta = skips the arteries supplying the brain
Ductus Venous
Allows oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein to flow into the inferior vena cava and mix with DO blood
Erthroblastosis Fetalis can only occur in what conditions?
mother is rh (-) and fetus is rh (+)
Lenticels
pores found on woody tree stems
Operculum
openings in the skin covering the gills of fish
Most carbon dioxide in the blood travels as ____ _____ produced by carbonic ____
bicarbonate anion, carbonic anhydrase
Differentiate between a left and right shifted hemoglobin curve
left - hemoglobin binds tightly to oxygen, meaning its harder to release to tissues
right - hemoglobin will bind loosely with oxygen, meaning it’s easier to release to tissues
CADET face RIGHT
increased carbon dioxide, acid, 2,3 - diphosphoglycerate, exercise, and temperature will result in a right shifted curve
T/F? Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin does
true
Bohr effect vs the Haldane effect
bohr - Hb has a decreased affinity for oxygen when CO2 is high
Haldane - deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide
Carbonic anhydrase combines with CO2 and water to make _____, which dissociates in a ____ anion and a ____
carbonic acid, bicarbonate and H+
The innate immune response is (specific/nonspecifiic)
nonspecific
Diapedesis
process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues
Order the white blood cells from highest to lowest in number
neutrophils, leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, B cells
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Which leukocyte is the most common?
Which leukocytes will kill virus-infected cells or cancerous body cells?
Which are effective in killing parasites?
Which contain histamine and heparin?
How do dendritic cells work in immunity?
leukocyte
natural killer cells; part of the innate immune response
eosinophil
basophils
it can scan a local environment through pinocytosis
Which white blood cells is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, aka humoral immunity?
B cells
Which is the largest antibody?
Which antibody is found in body secretions and also exists as a dimer?
Which antibody are antigen receptors found on basophils and mast cells?
Which antibody is found in the circulation?
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgG
What type of white blood cells are key to vaccinations
T/F? These cells have the capacity to release antibodies
Memory B cells
FALSE - memory B cells cannot release AB’s
If an antigen is presented by MHC I, T cells will activate and become ___ ___ __, also called ____ cell
cytotoxic T cells, CD8
T/F? Both CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) and natural killer cells release perforin and granzymes.
Which cell reacts faster?
Which cell is more specific?
true
natural killer cells
CD8
Cytokines function to _____
attract innate immunity cells to the where the identified antigen is present and stimulate clonal selection and proliferation of Cells and T cells
Relative Refractory Period
A powerful stimulus can cause an AP to occur because the sodium channels are no longer inactive
Which structures are contained within the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Which structures are included into the limbic system?
hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
Which structure in the inner ear contain fluid and hair nerve endings?
semicircular canals
Fovea
area of the retina that is the most densely packed with the highest concentration of cones; responsible for high acuity vision
