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DAT - Biology > Bootcamp Chapter 10.1 - 10.4 > Flashcards

Bootcamp Chapter 10.1 - 10.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which invertebrate animals have an open circulatory system?

A

Mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata

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2
Q

Which type of worm contains a closed circulatory system?

A

annelida - earthworms

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3
Q

Segmented worms, aka ____ have multiple hearts called ___ ____, which pump blood in a circuit.

A

earthworms, aortic arches

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4
Q

Amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic chordates, meaning _____

A

their internal temperature fluctuates in response to the environmental temperature

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5
Q

Three chambered hearts, which are found in ____ and ____ - are also called ___ ____ ___ because blood passes through them ___ before being sent out to orgrans

A

amphibians and reptiles, double circulation hearts

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6
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

prevent back flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria

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7
Q

AV valves are attached to ____ muscles via stringy tendons called ___ ___. These muscles function to _____ to close the AV valves and prevent valve _____

A

papillary, chord tendinae, contract, inversion

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8
Q

Flow of blood through the heart?

A

Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body

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9
Q

Endothelial cells that line the inside of the heart’s four chambers is called the ____

A

endocardium

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10
Q

Function of the atrioventricular node?

A

adds a brief delay in between the atria contracting and the contraction of the ventricles, once the SA node is depolarized

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11
Q

After the brief delay caused by the AV node, the electrical signal is sent to the ____ ___ __, which is found int he ____ septum, that separates the ____

A

bundle of His, interventricular, ventricles

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12
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

found in the walls of the ventricles; ensure a coordinated contraction of both ventricles

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13
Q

Systole occurs ____ the ventricles eject blood into the ____ they connect to.

Diastole occurs after the _____ contract to fill the _____ .

A

after, arteries

atria, ventricles

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14
Q

Describe what “Lub” and “dub” are attributed to in the cardiac cycle.

A

Lub - left and right ventricles are contracting, which causes the semilunar valves to OPEN as AV valves CLOSE

Dub - left and right atria are contracting; opens AV valves so blood can fill RL ventricles; semilunar valves are closed

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15
Q

Gap Junctions

A

protein tunnels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

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16
Q

Parts of an EKG

A

P wave - atrial depolarization

Q wave - initiates ventricular depolarization

R wave - depolarization through both ventricles

S - completion of ventricular DP

T wave - ventricular depolarization

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17
Q

What is a normal heart rate?

Stroke Volume

How to find stroke volume?

How to find cardiac output?

How to find mean arterial pressure?

A

60 to 100 bpm

the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat

subtract ESV - EDV

CO = HR x SV

MAP = CO x TPR or (HR x SV) x TPR

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18
Q

Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscles cells that can be used to control the diameter of the vessel?

A

tunica media

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19
Q

Arteries and arterioles are elastic, due to a thick ___ ___

A

tunica media

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20
Q

What types of vessels will show a frequent drop in blood pressure, due to high resistance of flow?

A

arterioles

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21
Q

Arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Two exceptions are?

A

pulmonary and umbilical arteries - carry DO blood away from the heart

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22
Q

Capillaries will branch off of ___ and connect to ____ on the other side. These lie _____ arteries and veins.

A

arterioles, venues, between

23
Q

Activated platelets release ____ in response to damaged tissue and exposed collagen. This will convert prothrombin into its active form, ______. Activated ____ will convert fibrinogen to ____

A

thromboplastin, thrombin, fibrin

24
Q

Which vitamin is important for clotting?

A

K

25
Q

Which cells are the precursor to platelets? Do these contain a nucleus?

A

Megakaryocytes; they are anucleate

26
Q

Type O Blood contains what types of antigen?

A

type O does not have neither A or B!

27
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

type O (-)

recall that type O does not have a or b antigens. O (_) also does not have an Rh surface antigen

28
Q

What is the universal acceptor?

A

AB (+) because they have both a and b surface antigens, as well as the rh surface antigen

29
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

allows DO blood to leave the pulmonary artery and into the descending aorta = skips the arteries supplying the brain

30
Q

Ductus Venous

A

Allows oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein to flow into the inferior vena cava and mix with DO blood

31
Q

Erthroblastosis Fetalis can only occur in what conditions?

A

mother is rh (-) and fetus is rh (+)

32
Q

Lenticels

A

pores found on woody tree stems

33
Q

Operculum

A

openings in the skin covering the gills of fish

34
Q

Most carbon dioxide in the blood travels as ____ _____ produced by carbonic ____

A

bicarbonate anion, carbonic anhydrase

35
Q

Differentiate between a left and right shifted hemoglobin curve

A

left - hemoglobin binds tightly to oxygen, meaning its harder to release to tissues

right - hemoglobin will bind loosely with oxygen, meaning it’s easier to release to tissues

36
Q

CADET face RIGHT

A

increased carbon dioxide, acid, 2,3 - diphosphoglycerate, exercise, and temperature will result in a right shifted curve

37
Q

T/F? Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin does

A

true

38
Q

Bohr effect vs the Haldane effect

A

bohr - Hb has a decreased affinity for oxygen when CO2 is high

Haldane - deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide

39
Q

Carbonic anhydrase combines with CO2 and water to make _____, which dissociates in a ____ anion and a ____

A

carbonic acid, bicarbonate and H+

40
Q

The innate immune response is (specific/nonspecifiic)

A

nonspecific

41
Q

Diapedesis

A

process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues

42
Q

Order the white blood cells from highest to lowest in number

A

neutrophils, leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, B cells

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

43
Q

Which leukocyte is the most common?

Which leukocytes will kill virus-infected cells or cancerous body cells?

Which are effective in killing parasites?

Which contain histamine and heparin?

How do dendritic cells work in immunity?

A

leukocyte

natural killer cells; part of the innate immune response

eosinophil

basophils

it can scan a local environment through pinocytosis

44
Q

Which white blood cells is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, aka humoral immunity?

A

B cells

45
Q

Which is the largest antibody?

Which antibody is found in body secretions and also exists as a dimer?

Which antibody are antigen receptors found on basophils and mast cells?

Which antibody is found in the circulation?

A

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgG

46
Q

What type of white blood cells are key to vaccinations

T/F? These cells have the capacity to release antibodies

A

Memory B cells

FALSE - memory B cells cannot release AB’s

47
Q

If an antigen is presented by MHC I, T cells will activate and become ___ ___ __, also called ____ cell

A

cytotoxic T cells, CD8

48
Q

T/F? Both CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) and natural killer cells release perforin and granzymes.

Which cell reacts faster?

Which cell is more specific?

A

true

natural killer cells

CD8

49
Q

Cytokines function to _____

A

attract innate immunity cells to the where the identified antigen is present and stimulate clonal selection and proliferation of Cells and T cells

50
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

A powerful stimulus can cause an AP to occur because the sodium channels are no longer inactive

51
Q

Which structures are contained within the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

52
Q

Which structures are included into the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

53
Q

Which structure in the inner ear contain fluid and hair nerve endings?

A

semicircular canals

54
Q

Fovea

A

area of the retina that is the most densely packed with the highest concentration of cones; responsible for high acuity vision

DAT - Biology (18 decks)

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