Bootcamp Chapter 9 Flashcards
Differentiate between the cell walls of eubacteria and archaea.
Eubacteria - peptidoglycan (esters)
Archaea - lipids in cell wall are linked by ethers
Gram positive vs gram negative bacteria
Gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall and thus will stain dark purple
Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall and will not stain; require a counterstain; will show up pink
The ___ ___ is located between the inner plasma membrane and outer membrane of gram___ bacteria. This same space is located in gram ____ bacteria, except it is located on the outside/
periplasmic space, negative, positive
T/F? Both gram positive and negative bacteria contain exotoxin.
TRUE
___ _____. are acidic polysaccharides that are found only in gram ____ bacteria.
What is its function?
Techoic acids, positive
connect cell wall to peptidoglycan to cell membrane; provides rigidity and structure
What prevents bacteria from drying out?
capsule
T/F? Both archaea and eubacteria lack histones and introns.
FALSE - archaea contain histones; only eubacteria lack them
What kind of protist do slime molds fall under?
Are they mobile?
What do they feed on? How do they do this?
fungus-like; keep in mind that their cell walls are NOT made of chitin
slime molds can be mobile; they contain cilia or flagella
Decaying matter (saprophytic), phagocytosis
Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and euglenoids are examples of what type of protist?
plant like protists
Animal like protists are (multicellular/unicellular) and (contain/do not contain) membrane bound organelles.
They are heterotrophic in nature, but tend to be _____ and feed off a host organism.
unicellular, contain,
parasitic
Hyphae
Long, branching filaments that extend out and form a network with nearby fungi
Mycelium
a bunch of hyphae combined together
What is the mode of metabolism for yeast and for molds?
yeast - facultative anaerobe
mold - aerobic
As the individual hyphae of a mycelium grow, a wall called a _____ forms inside them. This separate hyphae into different sections.
septa
If septa are not formed within a mycelium, the hyphae is one long and continuous tube of ____ cytoplasm called:
multinucleate, coenocytic hyphae
When would one see a coenocyte (a large multinucleate cell) in a fungi?
when fungal hyphae or Protista divides, but cytokinesis does not occur.
Filamentous fungi may reproduce _____ in good environmental conditions, and will undergo _____ reproduction in bad conditions.
asexually, sexually
Describe sexual reproduction of fungi.
two hyphae of a mycelium fuse their cytoplasm during plasmogamy to make a pronuclei (contains two haploid nuclei).
The pronuclei will fuse in karyogamy to make a single diploid cell.
Diploid will make a spore forming structure that will send out haploid spores through meiosis
Spores produced through sexual reproduction in fungi will be:
a) genetically different from the mycelium it originated from
b) genetically identical to the parent
c) genetically different from the hyphae it originated from
d) genetically distinct from the coenocyte
A
Lichen are fungi often paired with ____ or ______
algae or cyanobacteria
Phyla pneumonic within the kingdom Animalia
Privileged children play nicely and maturely, Arthur ensures cooperation
porifera cnidaria playhelminthes nematoda annelida mollusca arthropoda echinodermata chordata
The coelom will lie between what germ layers?
mesoderm and endoderm
In the pneumonic for kingdom Animalia, which are acoelomate?
everything before Nematoda - Porifera, cnidaria, plathelminthes
privileged children play nicely and maturely, Arthur ensures cooperation
Nematoda are considered ______
a) acoelomate
b) coelomate
c) pseudocoelomate
C
Parazoa
animals without true tissues
Cnidaria contain a ___ cavity and thus are capable of ____ ___ digestion.
Do they contain true tissues?
What is their circulatory system?
gastrovascular, two way
yes
diffusion
What are the stinging cells present in cnidaria?
nematocysts
Differentiate between medusa and polyps.
Medusa - motile and produce sexually
Polyps - non motile and can produce sexually as a hermaphrodite, or asexually
Flatworms, trematoda, flukes, tapeworms, and planar are part of the phylum ______.
They contain flame cells and protonephridia, which function to:
Playhelminthes are
a) diploblasts
b) triploblasts
Platyhelminthes
flame cells function to osmoregulate and filter harmful substances; protonephridia are bundles of flame cells
B
Nematoda contain a ___ ___ for their digestive system
alimentary canal
Besides cnidaria, what other phylum contains flame cells and protonephridia?
Rotifera
Annelida contain a (closed/open) circulatory system
closed
Archenteron
Blastopore
Primitive gut formed during gastrulation
forms during gastrulation; has the potential of developing into the mouth or anus; this opens into the archenteron
Metanephridia
Excretory glands involved in invertebrate osmoregulation - found in annelida
Protostomes have embryonic cleavages that are _____ and ______
spiral, determinate
determinate means development is decided early on
Octopi and cephalopods are grouped into which phylum?
a) animalia
b) chordates
c) mollusca
d) cnidaria
C
Mantle
a thin layer of tissue found inside mollusks; contains calcium carbonate which is used to build shells
Radula
unique to mollusks; tongues covered in tiny teeth
What kind of circulatory system do Mollusca have?
open; contain a hemocoel
___ glands are osmoregulatory and excretory structures of ____ waste in arachnids.
Coxal, nitrogenous
____ glands are osmoregulatory and excretory structures for nitrogenous wastes in aquatic crustaceans
green
Echinodermata have a _____ body plan as larvae and ___ ____ _____ as an adult.
Embryonic development?
bilateral, fine fold radial
deuterostomes
Embryonic cleavage for a deuterostome is _____ and ______
radial, indeterminate
Notochords
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
cartilaginous rods that support the body of all chordates during embryonic development
develops into the spinal chord
go to form the pharynx, gills, or other feeding systems
What will form the Eustachian tubes in the ears?
pharyngeal gill slits
Lancelets are also called
Amphioxus
Fish have a ___ chambered heart, while amphibians and reptiles have a _____ chambered heart
humans and birds have a ___ chambered heart
2,3, 4
