Misc. - 3 Flashcards
how do hypnotic work
modulating gaba
which GABA receptors will hypnotic work on?
BZ1 - sedative effects
BZ2- Myoreluxant - anticonvulsant
BZ3- Anxiolytic
difference between old benzodiazepine and z- drug binding?
old benzo - all three types of receptors (B1-B3)
z-drugs only B1 (sedative)
types of benzo
hypnotic
anxiolytic
effect of benzo on sleep
suppress REM
common side effects of benzo
numbed emotions
diplopia
muscle weakness
fatigue
ataxia
dizziness
headache
reduce alertness
drowsiness
Half life of Diazepin
20-100
20(D)1(i)00zepin
Half life of Clonazepine
18-50
colonized in 1850
Half life of chlordiazepoxide
5-30
Half life of Nitrazepam
15-38
Nitra was 15 when her mom, 38, left her.
Half life of Tema
8-22
temam 8-22
Lorazepam
10-20
ALpra
10-15
Oxazepam
6-10
6xaze10m
Zopiclone
5-6
at zobh (morning) effect is gone
Zolpidem
2
Zolm use (arabic)
Zaleplon
2
Zalem use (arabic)
max duration of benzo Rx
2-4 week
tapering recommendation
5-10% every 1-2 weeks
1/8th of the daily dose every 2 weeks
pscychological symptoms with benzo withdrawal
anxiety
insomnia
nightmares
depersonalisation
decr. memory and concentration
delusion & hallucination
Depression
physical symptoms of benzo withdrawal
stiffness
weakness
GI disturbance
paraesthesia
flu-like symptoms
visual disturbance
contraindication of zopiclone
Marked neuromuscular respiratory weakness:
Myasthenia gravis
Resp. failure
Severe Sleep apnoea syndrome
Breast feeding
side effect of zopiclone
metalic taste
heartburn
lightening of sleep on withdrawal
side effects of melatonin
- somnolence
Fatigue
Mood swings
headache
irritability
aggression
hangover
what is daridorexant
orexin receptor antagonist recommended by NICE
what receptors daridorexant work on
orexin 1 & 2 receptors
what do orexin A &B neuropeptide do naturally?
promote wakefulnesss
do daridorexant change sleep cylce proportion
no!
contraindication of daridorexant?
narcolepsy
daridorexant side effects
somnolence & headache
what does CT scan uses?
Ionising x-ray radiation
how do tissues can be distinguished on CT scan?
- Air : least attenuate x-ray so appears Black
-Bone: max attenutae x-ray so appear white
how can you difference CT machine from an MRI?
CT has a thinner structure
How does MRI works?
capitalises on the inherent magnetic properties of tissues.
Especially hydrogen nuclei, which are protons, in tissues’ water.
what do T1 & T2 represent in MRI?
T1 - How quickly the hydrogen magnetic moments realign with the main magnetic field.
T2- How quickly these moments lose phase coherence with each other and disperse in the transverse plane.
what does DTI do?
visualizes white matter tracts
DTI is a form of MRI. True or True?
True!!!
what does fMRI do?
It measures oxygen consumption using BOLD technique
which imagine techniques use techneques involved with deteting emissions from radioactive substances that were injected?
PET & SPECT
which agent is used to detect D2 receptors?
Raclopride
what is raclopride?
a d2/d3 antagonist
reversibly binds and selective for d2
what is pMRI used for?
Evaluate microscopic blood flow in capillaries
what is MRS for?
Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry?
chemical sampling of the brain
amount of different chemicals in different areas in brain
Non-Compliance Rate in schizphrenia after discharge
After days days - 25%
After 1 year - 50%
After 2 years 75%
Non-compliance rate due to intentional non-adherence ?
90%
Scales used to assess compliance?
DAI
MARS
ROMI
Beliefs about medication Questionnaires
which compliance scales is more commonly used in psychiatric research and clinical setting?
DAI
Drug Attitude Inventory
Domains covered by DAI in compliance?
Perceived benefit
Risk of medication
Concerns about S.Es
Attitudes toward the Rx
Beliefs about effectiveness
DAI data is qualitative or quantitative?
Quantitative
Which compliance scales asks more about frequency of dose taking and missing doses?
MARS (Likert scale)
Medication Adherence Rating Scale
