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Physiology for Engineers > Midterm Review 2/3 > Flashcards

Midterm Review 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are aquporins?

A

integral membrane proteins

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2
Q

What is the function of aquaporins?

A

allow watery channels to form, brings water back and fourth from the body (opens and closes)

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3
Q

True/False: The cell membrane has carbohydrates.

A

True

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4
Q

With fat or protein, carb forms ____ or ____.

A

glycoproteins or glycolipids

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5
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

carbs attached to small protein core

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6
Q

True/False: Many carbs act as receptors to bind hormones (e.g. insulin) to start internal enzyme cascade

A

True

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7
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

produces proteins and lipids (fats) for cell survival

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8
Q

What are the types of ER?

A

Rough and Smooth

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9
Q

Why is it called rough ER?

A

because it has ribosomes attached to the outer surface

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10
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

RNA and protein

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11
Q

True/False: Smooth ER has ribosomes attached to the outer surface.

A

False

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12
Q

What does rough ER make?

A

proteins

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13
Q

What does smooth ER make?

A

Phospholipids and Cholesterol

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14
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

transports substances to the Golgi apparatus and forms vesicles (secretory vesicles) that are transported through the cell

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15
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in association with the ER?

A

 ER synthesizes new products
 Packs them in transport vesicles (ER vesicles)
 Pinch off from ER
 Fuse with Golgi apparatus
 Processed to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles

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16
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus, then dispersed throughout cytoplasm

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17
Q

Explain the structure of lysosomes.

A

Surrounded by lipid bi-layer membranes and filled with large numbers of small granules

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18
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Provide intracellular digestive system (hydrolase) Ex:  Digests damaged cellular structures
 Unwanted substances (e.g. bacteria)
 Food particles that have been ingested by the cell

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19
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

powerhouse of the cell to make energy (ATP) for the cell

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20
Q

True/False: You can increase your mitochondria by working out.

A

True

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21
Q

True/False: Mitochondria contains DNA similar to DNA in nucleus.

A

True

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22
Q

Mitochondria uses ____ in the cell, they extract energy from nutrients .

A

Oxygen

23
Q

True/False: Mitochondria is self-repicating.

A

True

24
Q

Cells use ___ to break down food substances to extract energy to form ATP.

A

oxygen

25
Q

When food is broken down and used for energy, we excrete ___ and ____.

A

CO2 and hydrogen ions

26
Q

ATP does ___ transport.

A

membrane

27
Q

____ is needed for muscle contraction.

A

ATP

28
Q

What are the two types of transport through the membrane?

A

Diffusion and Active transport

29
Q

What are the two transport proteins?

A

Channel proteins and carrier proteins

30
Q

What are channel proteins and what do they do?

A

Watery spaces to allow movement of certain ions

31
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

Bind with molecules or ions to be transported

32
Q

What are the two types of gates that channels are open/closed by?

A

voltages and chemical gates

33
Q

What is primary active trasnport?

A

Molecules are “pumped” against an electrochemical gradient at the expense of energy (ATP).
 direct use of energy

34
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Transport is driven by energy stored in ionic concentration differences between two sides of membrane in the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (usually Na+).
 indirect use of energy

35
Q

Where is the Sodium-Potassium pump located?

A

on the plasma membrane of animal cells

36
Q

What does the Sodium-Potassium pump pump?

A
  • Pumps 3 sodium ions (3 Na+) OUT of cell membrane
  • Pumps 2 potassium ions (2 K+) INTO cell
37
Q

What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

A

Plays a critical role in regulating osmotic balance by maintaining Na+ and K+ balance across the cell membrane and basis of nerve function for transmitting nerve signals

38
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal chord

39
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

face, arms, legs, sensory receptors, sensory and motor nerves

40
Q

What do the afferent sensory nerves do?

A

take messages to the brain

41
Q

What do the efferent motor nerves do?

A

carry messages away from brain (e.g. touch hot oven)

42
Q

Are afferent senory or motor nerves?

A

sensory

43
Q

Are efferent sensory or motor nerves?

A

motor

44
Q

What are the three membranes that cover the brain?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

45
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost membrane of the brain

46
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

has blood vessels that create the blood brain barrier

47
Q

Where is the pia mater?

A

adhered to brain/spinal chord

48
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?

A

Subarachnoid space

49
Q

What are the characteristics of the CSF?

A

Colorless, watery liquid surrounding brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What makes CSF?

A

choroid plexus

51
Q

What is the function of the CSF?

A

cushion for the brain

52
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

exclude certain substances from the brain

53
Q

What separated the blood form the brain tissue?

A

Endothelial cells that line capillaries in the brain

54
Q
A

Physiology for Engineers (15 decks)

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