Midterm Review 2/3 Flashcards
What are aquporins?
integral membrane proteins
What is the function of aquaporins?
allow watery channels to form, brings water back and fourth from the body (opens and closes)
True/False: The cell membrane has carbohydrates.
True
With fat or protein, carb forms ____ or ____.
glycoproteins or glycolipids
What are proteoglycans?
carbs attached to small protein core
True/False: Many carbs act as receptors to bind hormones (e.g. insulin) to start internal enzyme cascade
True
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
produces proteins and lipids (fats) for cell survival
What are the types of ER?
Rough and Smooth
Why is it called rough ER?
because it has ribosomes attached to the outer surface
What are ribosomes made of?
RNA and protein
True/False: Smooth ER has ribosomes attached to the outer surface.
False
What does rough ER make?
proteins
What does smooth ER make?
Phospholipids and Cholesterol
What is the function of the smooth ER?
transports substances to the Golgi apparatus and forms vesicles (secretory vesicles) that are transported through the cell
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in association with the ER?
ER synthesizes new products
Packs them in transport vesicles (ER vesicles)
Pinch off from ER
Fuse with Golgi apparatus
Processed to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles
How are lysosomes formed?
by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus, then dispersed throughout cytoplasm
Explain the structure of lysosomes.
Surrounded by lipid bi-layer membranes and filled with large numbers of small granules
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Provide intracellular digestive system (hydrolase) Ex: Digests damaged cellular structures
Unwanted substances (e.g. bacteria)
Food particles that have been ingested by the cell
What is mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell to make energy (ATP) for the cell
True/False: You can increase your mitochondria by working out.
True
True/False: Mitochondria contains DNA similar to DNA in nucleus.
True
Mitochondria uses ____ in the cell, they extract energy from nutrients .
Oxygen
True/False: Mitochondria is self-repicating.
True
Cells use ___ to break down food substances to extract energy to form ATP.
oxygen
When food is broken down and used for energy, we excrete ___ and ____.
CO2 and hydrogen ions
ATP does ___ transport.
membrane
____ is needed for muscle contraction.
ATP
What are the two types of transport through the membrane?
Diffusion and Active transport
What are the two transport proteins?
Channel proteins and carrier proteins
What are channel proteins and what do they do?
Watery spaces to allow movement of certain ions
What do carrier proteins do?
Bind with molecules or ions to be transported
What are the two types of gates that channels are open/closed by?
voltages and chemical gates
What is primary active trasnport?
Molecules are “pumped” against an electrochemical gradient at the expense of energy (ATP).
direct use of energy
What is secondary active transport?
Transport is driven by energy stored in ionic concentration differences between two sides of membrane in the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (usually Na+).
indirect use of energy
Where is the Sodium-Potassium pump located?
on the plasma membrane of animal cells
What does the Sodium-Potassium pump pump?
- Pumps 3 sodium ions (3 Na+) OUT of cell membrane
- Pumps 2 potassium ions (2 K+) INTO cell
What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
Plays a critical role in regulating osmotic balance by maintaining Na+ and K+ balance across the cell membrane and basis of nerve function for transmitting nerve signals
What makes up the CNS?
Brain and spinal chord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
face, arms, legs, sensory receptors, sensory and motor nerves
What do the afferent sensory nerves do?
take messages to the brain
What do the efferent motor nerves do?
carry messages away from brain (e.g. touch hot oven)
Are afferent senory or motor nerves?
sensory
Are efferent sensory or motor nerves?
motor
What are the three membranes that cover the brain?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
What is the dura mater?
Outermost membrane of the brain
What is the arachnoid mater?
has blood vessels that create the blood brain barrier
Where is the pia mater?
adhered to brain/spinal chord
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?
Subarachnoid space
What are the characteristics of the CSF?
Colorless, watery liquid surrounding brain and spinal cord
What makes CSF?
choroid plexus
What is the function of the CSF?
cushion for the brain
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
exclude certain substances from the brain
What separated the blood form the brain tissue?
Endothelial cells that line capillaries in the brain
