Midterm Review 2/3

Question 1

What are aquporins?

Answer 1

integral membrane proteins

Question 2

What is the function of aquaporins?

Answer 2

allow watery channels to form, brings water back and fourth from the body (opens and closes)

Question 3

True/False: The cell membrane has carbohydrates.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

With fat or protein, carb forms ____ or ____.

Answer 4

glycoproteins or glycolipids

Question 5

What are proteoglycans?

Answer 5

carbs attached to small protein core

Question 6

True/False: Many carbs act as receptors to bind hormones (e.g. insulin) to start internal enzyme cascade

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 7

produces proteins and lipids (fats) for cell survival

Question 8

What are the types of ER?

Answer 8

Rough and Smooth

Question 9

Why is it called rough ER?

Answer 9

because it has ribosomes attached to the outer surface

Question 10

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 10

RNA and protein

Question 11

True/False: Smooth ER has ribosomes attached to the outer surface.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

What does rough ER make?

Answer 12

proteins

Question 13

What does smooth ER make?

Answer 13

Phospholipids and Cholesterol

Question 14

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 14

transports substances to the Golgi apparatus and forms vesicles (secretory vesicles) that are transported through the cell

Question 15

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in association with the ER?

Answer 15

 ER synthesizes new products
 Packs them in transport vesicles (ER vesicles)
 Pinch off from ER
 Fuse with Golgi apparatus
 Processed to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles

Question 16

How are lysosomes formed?

Answer 16

by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus, then dispersed throughout cytoplasm

Question 17

Explain the structure of lysosomes.

Answer 17

Surrounded by lipid bi-layer membranes and filled with large numbers of small granules

Question 18

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Answer 18

Provide intracellular digestive system (hydrolase) Ex:  Digests damaged cellular structures
 Unwanted substances (e.g. bacteria)
 Food particles that have been ingested by the cell

Question 19

What is mitochondria?

Answer 19

powerhouse of the cell to make energy (ATP) for the cell

Question 20

True/False: You can increase your mitochondria by working out.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True/False: Mitochondria contains DNA similar to DNA in nucleus.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Mitochondria uses ____ in the cell, they extract energy from nutrients .

Answer 22

Oxygen

Question 23

True/False: Mitochondria is self-repicating.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Cells use ___ to break down food substances to extract energy to form ATP.

Answer 24

oxygen

Question 25

When food is broken down and used for energy, we excrete ___ and ____.

Answer 25

CO2 and hydrogen ions

Question 26

ATP does ___ transport.

Answer 26

membrane

Question 27

____ is needed for muscle contraction.

Answer 27

ATP

Question 28

What are the two types of transport through the membrane?

Answer 28

Diffusion and Active transport

Question 29

What are the two transport proteins?

Answer 29

Channel proteins and carrier proteins

Question 30

What are channel proteins and what do they do?

Answer 30

Watery spaces to allow movement of certain ions

Question 31

What do carrier proteins do?

Answer 31

Bind with molecules or ions to be transported

Question 32

What are the two types of gates that channels are open/closed by?

Answer 32

voltages and chemical gates

Question 33

What is primary active trasnport?

Answer 33

Molecules are “pumped” against an electrochemical gradient at the expense of energy (ATP).  direct use of energy

Question 34

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 34

Transport is driven by energy stored in ionic concentration differences between two sides of membrane in the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (usually Na+).  indirect use of energy

Question 35

Where is the Sodium-Potassium pump located?

Answer 35

on the plasma membrane of animal cells

Question 36

What does the Sodium-Potassium pump pump?

Answer 36

- Pumps 3 sodium ions (3 Na+) OUT of cell membrane - Pumps 2 potassium ions (2 K+) INTO cell

Question 37

What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

Answer 37

Plays a critical role in regulating osmotic balance by maintaining Na+ and K+ balance across the cell membrane and basis of nerve function for transmitting nerve signals

Question 38

What makes up the CNS?

Answer 38

Brain and spinal chord

Question 39

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 39

face, arms, legs, sensory receptors, sensory and motor nerves

Question 40

What do the afferent sensory nerves do?

Answer 40

take messages to the brain

Question 41

What do the efferent motor nerves do?

Answer 41

carry messages away from brain (e.g. touch hot oven)

Question 42

Are afferent senory or motor nerves?

Answer 42

sensory

Question 43

Are efferent sensory or motor nerves?

Answer 43

motor

Question 44

What are the three membranes that cover the brain?

Answer 44

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 45

What is the dura mater?

Answer 45

Outermost membrane of the brain

Question 46

What is the arachnoid mater?

Answer 46

has blood vessels that create the blood brain barrier

Question 47

Where is the pia mater?

Answer 47

adhered to brain/spinal chord

Question 48

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?

Answer 48

Subarachnoid space

Question 49

What are the characteristics of the CSF?

Answer 49

Colorless, watery liquid surrounding brain and spinal cord

Question 50

What makes CSF?

Answer 50

choroid plexus

Question 51

What is the function of the CSF?

Answer 51

cushion for the brain

Question 52

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

Answer 52

exclude certain substances from the brain

Question 53

What separated the blood form the brain tissue?

Answer 53

Endothelial cells that line capillaries in the brain