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Physiology for Engineers > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What major organ systems is “Rest-and-Digest” connected to?

A

Muscle
Nervous
Cardiac
Respiratory
Endocrine (especially)

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2
Q

True/False: We do not need to eat and sleep to restore energy level

A

False: We need to eat and sleep to restore energy levels

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3
Q

What is the nickname for the hypothalamus?

A

Command Center

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4
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the body?

A

through the Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System to exert control over functions of organ systems

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5
Q

What makes you salivate when you smell food cooking?

A

The hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates salivary glands and gastric glands

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6
Q

What autonomic effects on the heart happen when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

A

increased heart rate, increased contractility, and vascular tone

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7
Q

What autonomic effects on the heart happen when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

A

decreases heart rate markedly and cardiac contractility slightly

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8
Q

True/False: Cardiac muscle cells do not have chemical synapses

A

False: Cardiac muscle cells also have chemical synapses

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9
Q

What is the function of the chemical synapses in the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

They modulate cardiac muscle function

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10
Q

True/False: chemical synapses can not initiate cardiac muscle function.

A

True

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11
Q

What chemical synapse is released during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Epinephrine

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12
Q

What chemical synapse is released during the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

What are some ways to activate the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Eat
Sleep
Play
Pray

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14
Q

What is responsible for the release of melatonin?

A

The pineal gland

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15
Q

What part of the body is responsible for the melatonin response during the day and night?

A

The retina in the eye

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16
Q

True/False: Pineal gland releases most melatonin at night and less melatonin in day.

A

True

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17
Q

True/False: You will sleep better with lower levels of melatonin.

A

False: You will sleep better with higher levels of melatonin

18
Q

What is the importance of sleep as it relates to neurodegeneration?

A

Sleep protects against neurodegeneration (e.g. progressive loss of neurons’ function such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s) disease)

19
Q

What are some examples of good sleep hygiene (good sleep habits)?

A
  • Be consistent about bedtime and when you wake up each day
  • Bedroom: quiet, dark, cool
  • Avoid electronic devices (blue light)
  • Avoid large meals, caffeine and alcohol before bedtime
  • Exercise helps for good sleep
  • Moderate exercise such as evening walk helps sleep
20
Q

True/False: Singing triggers dopamine (“happy chemical”) release in the brain, so we feel better

A

True

21
Q

What are some of the physiological benefits of singing?

A

-help lower blood pressure”
- Helps lung function and oxygen intake since singing needs deep breathing
-May also lower cortisol levels

22
Q

What are the 4 goals of respiration?

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood
  • Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood and body fluids
  • Regulation of ventilation
23
Q

What is compliance?

A

How easily it is to inflate the lungs

24
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

the amount of air entering and leaving lungs with each breath (~500 mL at rest)

25
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiratory effort

26
Q

True/False: Bronchioles lack cartilage and stay open via pressure around them

A

True

27
Q

What is the total lung capacity of adults?

A

5-6L

28
Q

What happens at the alveoli?

A

gas exchange

29
Q

Describe the structure of alveoli?

A

They are lined by two types of epithelial cells; Type I and Type II alveolar pneumocytes

30
Q

What is the purpose of the surfactant in alveoli?

A
  • Surface-active agent reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface, preventing alveolar collapse at end-expiration
  • Decreases elastic recoil to make the lungs easier to inflate
31
Q

What is the surfactant of alveoli made of?

A

90% lipids and 10% proteins

32
Q

What produces the surfactant in alveoli?

A

Type II alveolar cells

33
Q

What are the three main effects of surfactant?

A

-Reduces surface tension
- Increases compliance, so lungs are easier to inflate
-Helps maintain the uniform size of alveoli during the respiratory cycle to keep effective gas exchange

34
Q

How does surfactant reduce surface tension and what would happen without it?

A
  • Minimizes fluid accumulation in alveoli
  • Without surfactant, alveoli would collapse and fluid would enter from the interstitium, so no gas exchange
35
Q

What would happen if the surfactant wasnt able to increase compliance?

A

Without it, ↑ elastic recoil and ↓compliance so small airways would collapse – making inspiration very hard

36
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells

37
Q

How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind to?

A

4 oxygen molecules

38
Q

How does blood go from deoxygenated to oxygenated (the process)?

A

Oxygen diffuses from alveolus in lung into RBCs, binds to hemoglobin

39
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveolus

40
Q

What nervous system does relaxation and deep breathing activate?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

41
Q

How does prayer affect the brain?

A

increases brain activity in the frontal lobe

42
Q

What are “the big four” to the secret of getting happier?

A

faith, family, friends, and work

Physiology for Engineers (30 decks)

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