Final Exam Flashcards
What major organ systems is “Rest-and-Digest” connected to?
Muscle
Nervous
Cardiac
Respiratory
Endocrine (especially)
True/False: We do not need to eat and sleep to restore energy level
False: We need to eat and sleep to restore energy levels
What is the nickname for the hypothalamus?
Command Center
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the body?
through the Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System to exert control over functions of organ systems
What makes you salivate when you smell food cooking?
The hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates salivary glands and gastric glands
What autonomic effects on the heart happen when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
increased heart rate, increased contractility, and vascular tone
What autonomic effects on the heart happen when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
decreases heart rate markedly and cardiac contractility slightly
True/False: Cardiac muscle cells do not have chemical synapses
False: Cardiac muscle cells also have chemical synapses
What is the function of the chemical synapses in the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?
They modulate cardiac muscle function
True/False: chemical synapses can not initiate cardiac muscle function.
True
What chemical synapse is released during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine
What chemical synapse is released during the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What are some ways to activate the parasympathetic nervous system?
Eat
Sleep
Play
Pray
What is responsible for the release of melatonin?
The pineal gland
What part of the body is responsible for the melatonin response during the day and night?
The retina in the eye
True/False: Pineal gland releases most melatonin at night and less melatonin in day.
True
True/False: You will sleep better with lower levels of melatonin.
False: You will sleep better with higher levels of melatonin
What is the importance of sleep as it relates to neurodegeneration?
Sleep protects against neurodegeneration (e.g. progressive loss of neurons’ function such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s) disease)
What are some examples of good sleep hygiene (good sleep habits)?
- Be consistent about bedtime and when you wake up each day
- Bedroom: quiet, dark, cool
- Avoid electronic devices (blue light)
- Avoid large meals, caffeine and alcohol before bedtime
- Exercise helps for good sleep
- Moderate exercise such as evening walk helps sleep
True/False: Singing triggers dopamine (“happy chemical”) release in the brain, so we feel better
True
What are some of the physiological benefits of singing?
-help lower blood pressure”
- Helps lung function and oxygen intake since singing needs deep breathing
-May also lower cortisol levels
What are the 4 goals of respiration?
- Pulmonary ventilation
- Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood
- Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood and body fluids
- Regulation of ventilation
What is compliance?
How easily it is to inflate the lungs
What is tidal volume?
the amount of air entering and leaving lungs with each breath (~500 mL at rest)
What is residual volume?
Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiratory effort
True/False: Bronchioles lack cartilage and stay open via pressure around them
True
What is the total lung capacity of adults?
5-6L
What happens at the alveoli?
gas exchange
Describe the structure of alveoli?
They are lined by two types of epithelial cells; Type I and Type II alveolar pneumocytes
What is the purpose of the surfactant in alveoli?
- Surface-active agent reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface, preventing alveolar collapse at end-expiration
- Decreases elastic recoil to make the lungs easier to inflate
What is the surfactant of alveoli made of?
90% lipids and 10% proteins
What produces the surfactant in alveoli?
Type II alveolar cells
What are the three main effects of surfactant?
-Reduces surface tension
- Increases compliance, so lungs are easier to inflate
-Helps maintain the uniform size of alveoli during the respiratory cycle to keep effective gas exchange
How does surfactant reduce surface tension and what would happen without it?
- Minimizes fluid accumulation in alveoli
- Without surfactant, alveoli would collapse and fluid would enter from the interstitium, so no gas exchange
What would happen if the surfactant wasnt able to increase compliance?
Without it, ↑ elastic recoil and ↓compliance so small airways would collapse – making inspiration very hard
What is hemoglobin?
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind to?
4 oxygen molecules
How does blood go from deoxygenated to oxygenated (the process)?
Oxygen diffuses from alveolus in lung into RBCs, binds to hemoglobin
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveolus
What nervous system does relaxation and deep breathing activate?
parasympathetic nervous system
How does prayer affect the brain?
increases brain activity in the frontal lobe
What are “the big four” to the secret of getting happier?
faith, family, friends, and work
