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Physiology for Engineers > Lecture 6: Cell Phy 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Cell Phy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the cell need an intact cell membrane?

A

-To provide structure and keep al of the organelles in the cell
- To create a barrier between the interior of the cell and the external environment
- Cell signaling
- Transport

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2
Q

True/False: Cell membrane has carbohydrates.

A

True

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3
Q

How are glycoproteins or glycolipids formed?

A

carbs form glycoproteins or glycolipids

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4
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

carbohydrates attached to small protein cores

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5
Q

Where are proteoglycans found?

A

loosely attached to outer surface of cell membrane

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6
Q

What is the glycocalyx and what does it do?

A
  • negatively charged outer layer that lines the cell membrane (part of the blood-brain barrier)
  • prevents exposure of plasma components to the endothelial surface in the brain
  • attaches some cells together
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7
Q

What kind of charge does the surface of the cell have?

A

Negative

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8
Q

What is the function of the negatively charged cell surface?

A
  • helps repel other negatively charged particles or cells
  • Prevents unwanted interactions or clumping of cells.
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9
Q

True/False: Many carbs act as receptors to bind hormones (e.g. insulin) to start internal enzyme cascade

A

True

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10
Q

Explain the insulin signaling pathways.

A

Food is digested and glucose is released into bloodstream, insulin is then secreted by the pancreas. Insulin then binds to receptors on the cell’s surface, causing GLUT4 (transporter) molecules to come to the cell’s surface and take glucose into the cell

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11
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The control center of the cell

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12
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A
  • Contains DNA (genes)
  • Contain nucleoli
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13
Q

What is the function of DNA in the nucleus?

A

determine characteristics
of cell’s proteins

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14
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

clear portion of the cytoplasm that contains dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose

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15
Q

What are the 5 organelles in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
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16
Q

What is the general function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Produces proteins and
lipids (fats) for cell survival

17
Q

What is rough ER and what does it do?

A

Attached to the outer surfaces of many parts of the ER are Ribosomes (made of RNA and protein) that make new protein* molecules

18
Q

What is smooth ER and what does it do?

A
  • Does not have attached ribosomes
  • Makes lipids: Phospholipids and Cholesterol
  • creates transport vesicles that transport substances to Golgi apparatus
19
Q

What is the function of Intracellular vesicles?

A

replenish internal membranes

20
Q

What is the function of smooth ER secretions?

A
  • Forms vesicles, breakaway from Golgi apparatus and diffuse through cell
  • Primarily forms Secretory vesicles to be secreted through cell membrane surface by exocytosis
21
Q

Newly synthesized proteins are
extruded into the _____.

A

ER matrix

22
Q

Describe the surface of the rough/Granular ER?

A

Outer membrane surface
covered with ribosomes

23
Q

What are the types of proteins processed inside the matrix?

A
  • crosslinked
    − folded
    − glycosylated (N-linked)
    − cleaved
24
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Makes some carbohydrates not able to be made by ER
  • E.g. Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulfate
  • Receives transport vesicles from smooth ER
  • Substances are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion.
25
Q

What is the function of Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulfate?

A
  • Compose proteoglycans in mucus and other secretions
  • Ground substance in interstitium: collagen fibers and cells
  • Cartilage and bone
26
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus in association with ER?

A
  • ER synthesizes new products
  • Packs them in transport vesicles (ER vesicles)
  • Pinch off from ER
  • Fuse with Golgi apparatus
  • Processed to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles
27
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Membrane composition similar to that of the smooth ER and plasma membrane
  • Composed of four or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures
28
Q

What are Substances formed in the ER?

A
  • “processed”
    − phosphorylated
    − glycosylated
29
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • Secretory vesicles diffuse through the cytosol and fuse to the plasma membrane.
  • Lysosomes fuse with internal endocytotic vesicles.
30
Q

What is in the nucleoli?

A

accumulation of RNA
and proteins

31
Q

What is the function of the secretory vesicles?

A
  • contain proteins synthesized in RER bud from the Golgi apparatus
  • fuse with plasma membrane to release contents
32
Q

How does stimulated secretion get activated?

A

It needs a trigger

33
Q

How does constitutive secretion happen?

A

randomly

Physiology for Engineers (15 decks)

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