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Physiology for Engineers > Lecture 13: Bone Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Bone Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cortical Bone?

A

hard outer layer, dense; especially thick in the shaft of long bone

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2
Q

What is another name for cortical bone?

A

Compact bone

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3
Q

What is cancellous Bone?

A

sponge-like tissue

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4
Q

What is another name for cancellous Bone?

A

Trabecular

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5
Q

What is the subchondral tissue?

A

smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered by cartilage

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6
Q

What is cartilage?

A

connective tissue present in adults; also tissue from which most bones develop in children

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7
Q

True/False: Sharks have cartilaginous skeletons and do not have bones

A

True

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8
Q

What helps sharks to be buoyant?

A

lighter bodies and low-density oils

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9
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

tough, thin outer membrane covering the bones

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10
Q

What is beneath the periosteum?

A

tunnels and canals through which blood and lymphatic vessels run to bring nutrients to the bone

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11
Q

What might attach to the periosteum?

A

muscles, ligaments, and tendons

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12
Q

How are bones classified?

A

By their shape

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13
Q

What are the different shapes of bones?

A

long, short, flat, or irregular

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14
Q

Primarily, bones are ___ or ___.

A

long or short

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15
Q

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

206

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16
Q

How many axial bones are in the human body?

A

80

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17
Q

What color are axial bones?

A

tan

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18
Q

Give examples of axial bones.

A

head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum

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19
Q

How many appendicular bones are there?

A

126

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20
Q

What color are appendicular bones?

A

purple

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21
Q

Give examples of appendicular bones.

A

shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet

22
Q

What is the function and location of osteoblasts?

A

forms new bone tissue (builder) and is located in the bone

23
Q

What is the function and location of osteoclast?

A

Absorbs and removes unwanted tissue; large cell formed in the bone marrow

24
Q

What is the function and location of Osteocytes?

A

Helps maintain bone as living tissue; found within the bone

25
Q

What is the function and location of Hematopoietic cells?

A

Develop into RBC, WBC, and platelets; found in bone marrow

26
Q

Where are fat cells located?

A

bone marrow

27
Q

How much of total bone mass is cortical?

A

80%

28
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

spongy tissue located at the ends of long bones, near joints, interior of vertebrae

29
Q

Compare the turnover of cortical vs trabecular bone.

A

Cortical (compact) bone has a slower turnover than trabecular

30
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

membrane that lines the center of the bone marrow

31
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Plate?

A

growth plate also called the physis thin layer of cartilage, site of longitudinal and circumferential bone growth

32
Q

What is an osteon??

A

the main unit of compact bone made of concentric bone layers that surround a long tube, the Haversian canal

33
Q

What are lamellae?

A

concentric bone layers

34
Q

True/False: Bone Deposition and Resorption are normally in Equilibrium (except in growing bones), so total bone mass remains constant

A

True

35
Q

Each new section of bone is an ______.

A

Osteon

36
Q

What stimulates bone turnover and increases osteoblasts?

A

Growth hormone

37
Q

Describe a bones strength in proportion to bone stress?

A

bone thickens when subjected to heavy loads

38
Q

True/False:Shape of bone can be rearranged for proper support of
mechanical forces by depositing and resorbing bone
according to stress patterns

A

True

39
Q

Describe the strength of bones in children vs elderly.

A

Bones in children (rapid bone deposition/absorption) are not brittle vs. elderly people with brittle bones (slow deposition/absorption)

40
Q

True/False: Bones of athletes become much heavier than bones
of nonathletes

A

True

41
Q

What stimulates osteoblast deposition and calcification of bone?

A

continual physical stress

42
Q

What happens when a bone is fractured?

A

Fracture of a bone activates Osteoblasts and new
bone forms at broken ends of bone (callus)

43
Q

Why is calcium and phosphorous important for the body?

A

helps bone and teeth structure

44
Q

Most of Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in the adult body as _______.

A

Hydroxyapatite

45
Q

Calcium is stored as ______ and also in
______.

A

intracellularly and extracellular fluid

46
Q

What 3 organs control calcium levels?

A

bone, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys

47
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

GI Tract

48
Q

Where is calcium excreted from?

A

Kidneys and most is reabsorbed

49
Q

Bone remodeling occurs ______, breaking
down Hydroxyapatite by Osteoclasts

A

continually

50
Q

What is the site of Hematopoiesis?

A

Bone marrow

51
Q

What can Immature cell in bone marrow develop as?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

52
Q
A

Physiology for Engineers (30 decks)

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