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Physiology for Engineers > Final Exam 4 > Flashcards

Final Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic parts of the circulatory system?

A

The heart, blood, and pipes (arteries and veins)

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2
Q

What are the two pumps of the heart and which one is the main?

A

Right and Left (main)

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The thin layer covering the surface of the heart

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4
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscle; majority of the heart wall thickness

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5
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The thin layer covering the surface of the heart, inner layer

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6
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

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7
Q

What are arteries?

A

Thick muscular walls that deal with high pressure

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8
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

connect arteries and veins

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9
Q

What are capillaries (structure)?

A

Microscopic vessel network through tissue; permeable to allow gas/nutrient exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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10
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

To the heart

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11
Q

What are veins?

A

More thin-walled, easily distensible and deal with low presure

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12
Q

How do veins prevent backflow?

A

They have valves

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13
Q

How does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated?

A

oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the lungs into RBCs, which binds to hemoglobin and 1 hemoglobin molecule binds to 4 oxygen molecules

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14
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava

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15
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

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16
Q

How does the blood get from the atriums to the ventricles?

A

The atria contact and force the blood into the ventricles

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17
Q

What prevents multidirectional flow?

A

AV valves

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18
Q

What is systole?

A

When the ventricles are contracting

19
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the ventricles are relaxing

20
Q

At rest what is systole and diastole?

A

systole is about 1/3 time, diastole is 2/3 time

21
Q

At exercise, which is more prominent: systole or diastole?

A

Systole

22
Q

What does blood pressure depend on?

A

Cardiac output (CO) and venous return to the heart (preload)

23
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

total blood flow; Volume of blood ejected from the heart every minute

24
Q

What is venous return?

A

Flow of blood delivered by the heart, contributes to blood pressure

25
Q

Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate from?

A

at the root of the aorta

26
Q

What do the right and left coronary arteries supply?

A

the myocardium

27
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

there is myocardial relaxation and the coronary arteries are filled with blood to perfuse the heart

28
Q

True/False: Cardiac muscle cells do not have chemical synapses.

A

False; Cardiac muscle cells also have chemical synapses

29
Q

What is the function of the chemical synapses in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system use these to MODULATE (not initiate) cardiac muscle function

30
Q

True/False: Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system use chemical synapse to initiate cardiac muscle function

A

False: Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system use these to MODULATE (not initiate) cardiac muscle function

31
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight-or-flight

32
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest-and-Digest

33
Q

What is released during fight or flight (sympathetic)?

A

Epinephrine

34
Q

What is released during rest or digest (parasympathetic)?

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected (Output) during a single heartbeat (from either left or right ventricle)

36
Q

How do you calculate CO?

A

CO= Heart rate x Stroke volume

37
Q

What does preload affect?

A

The end-systolic volume

38
Q

What does the afterload affect?

A

ESV

39
Q

What can change stroke volume?

A

Contraction and afterload

40
Q

Explain what a strong/weak heart means in relation to the aorta.

A

Strong heart = more blood ejected into Aorta
Weak heart = less blood ejected into Aorta

41
Q

What is afterload?

A

The resistance after the blood is ejected from the ventricle

42
Q

What affect does plaque have?

A

It narrows the diameter of the arteries and increases after load, increases resistance therefore decreases stroke volume

43
Q
A

Physiology for Engineers (30 decks)

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