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Physiology for Engineers > Final Exam 5 > Flashcards

Final Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract provide the body with?

A

water, electrolytes, and nutrients

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2
Q

What controls the GI system?

A

The nervous and endocrine systems

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3
Q

What are the main 4 functions of the GI tract?

A
  • Movement of food through the system
  • Secretion of digestive juices, digestion of food
  • Absorption of digestive products, water, elytes
  • Circulation of blood through digestive organs to carry away absorbed substances
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4
Q

What are the parts of the GI tract?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, illeum, colon

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5
Q

What makes up the duodenum?

A

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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6
Q

Where is the sphincter?

A

The lower end of the esophagus (circular muscle)

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7
Q

What is the function of the sphincter?

A

prevents reflux of gastric acid into esophageal lumen

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8
Q

What is the process when food goes down the esophagus?

A

When peristaltic wave passes down esophagus, sphincter relaxes to allow propulsion of food into stomach

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9
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

The body and antrum

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10
Q

What are the three motor functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Storage of large amounts of food
  2. mixing of food with gastric secretions to for chyme
  3. Slow emptying of chyme into SI
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11
Q

How are digestive juices made?

A

They are secreted by the gastric glands which cover the body of the stomach

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12
Q

What happens when the stomach contains food?

A
  1. When the stomach contains food, weak peristaltic waves occur every 15-20 sec
  2. Become stronger and push food towards the pylorus (pyloric sphincter = distal opening of stomach
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13
Q

What is chyme?

A

The mixture of food and gastric secretions; its a semi-fluid

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14
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

1.5-3.5

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15
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Mixing contractions and propulsive contractions (peristaltic waves), also chops chyme

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16
Q

When do propulsive contractions occur and what happens?

A
  • Increases a lot after meal
  • Chyme is pushed to the ileocecal valve; spread out along mucosa
17
Q

What happens when a portion of the SI is distended with chyme?

A

The SI stretches and elicits localized contractions

18
Q

What is the function of the villus?

A

Increased surface area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

19
Q

What is released after eating something like a donut?

A

insulin

20
Q

Where is insulin digested and then where does it go?

A

Digested in the stomach and intestines, then it is absorbed into the blood

21
Q

What happens when insulin is released?

A

Causes rapid uptake, storage and use of glucose by tissues in body, especially muscles, adipose tissue and liver

22
Q

How is the majority of hormones controlled?

A

Negative feedback

23
Q

What causes the release of hormones?

A

A stimulus

24
Q

What is the largest organ IN the body?

A

The liver

25
Q

What are some of the functions of the liver?

A
  1. Filters and stores blood
  2. metabolized carbs, proteins, fats, hormones, foreign substances
  3. removes toxins, medications
  4. formation of bile
  5. store vitamins (A, D B12) and iron (store as ferritin)
  6. Formation of coadulation factors fo rclotting
26
Q

Where is the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal

27
Q

What things are connected to the kidneys?

A

The renal artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve supply, ureter

28
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

carries urine to the bladder

29
Q

What are the two parts of the kidneys?

A

Cortex and medulla

30
Q

What is the function of the kidneys(main)?

A

To regulate red blood cell production by secretion of erythropoietin

31
Q

What stimulates RBC production?

A

erythropoietin

32
Q

What are the functions (multiple) of the kidneys?

A
  1. Process waste and excrete it
  2. Regulate water and electrolyte balance
  3. Regulate body fluid osmolality
  4. Regulate acid-base balance
  5. Regulate arterial pressure
  6. Secrete, metabolize, excrete hormones
  7. Gluconeogenesis
33
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

34
Q

True/False: the nephrons can regenerate like new nephrons (just like the liver)

A

False: Cannot regenerate new nephrons (unlike liver)

35
Q

When do you start to see clinical changes after losing nephrons?

A

only after about 75% of them are lost

36
Q

What two hormones are involved in the pancreas?

A

insulin (beta cells) and glucagon

37
Q
A

Physiology for Engineers (30 decks)

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