Final Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract provide the body with?

A

water, electrolytes, and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What controls the GI system?

A

The nervous and endocrine systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main 4 functions of the GI tract?

A
  • Movement of food through the system
  • Secretion of digestive juices, digestion of food
  • Absorption of digestive products, water, elytes
  • Circulation of blood through digestive organs to carry away absorbed substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the parts of the GI tract?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, illeum, colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the duodenum?

A

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the sphincter?

A

The lower end of the esophagus (circular muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the sphincter?

A

prevents reflux of gastric acid into esophageal lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the process when food goes down the esophagus?

A

When peristaltic wave passes down esophagus, sphincter relaxes to allow propulsion of food into stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

The body and antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three motor functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Storage of large amounts of food
  2. mixing of food with gastric secretions to for chyme
  3. Slow emptying of chyme into SI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are digestive juices made?

A

They are secreted by the gastric glands which cover the body of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when the stomach contains food?

A
  1. When the stomach contains food, weak peristaltic waves occur every 15-20 sec
  2. Become stronger and push food towards the pylorus (pyloric sphincter = distal opening of stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is chyme?

A

The mixture of food and gastric secretions; its a semi-fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

1.5-3.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Mixing contractions and propulsive contractions (peristaltic waves), also chops chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When do propulsive contractions occur and what happens?

A
  • Increases a lot after meal
  • Chyme is pushed to the ileocecal valve; spread out along mucosa
17
Q

What happens when a portion of the SI is distended with chyme?

A

The SI stretches and elicits localized contractions

18
Q

What is the function of the villus?

A

Increased surface area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

19
Q

What is released after eating something like a donut?

20
Q

Where is insulin digested and then where does it go?

A

Digested in the stomach and intestines, then it is absorbed into the blood

21
Q

What happens when insulin is released?

A

Causes rapid uptake, storage and use of glucose by tissues in body, especially muscles, adipose tissue and liver

22
Q

How is the majority of hormones controlled?

A

Negative feedback

23
Q

What causes the release of hormones?

A

A stimulus

24
Q

What is the largest organ IN the body?

25
What are some of the functions of the liver?
1. Filters and stores blood 2. metabolized carbs, proteins, fats, hormones, foreign substances 3. removes toxins, medications 4. formation of bile 5. store vitamins (A, D B12) and iron (store as ferritin) 6. Formation of coadulation factors fo rclotting
26
Where is the kidneys located?
Retroperitoneal
27
What things are connected to the kidneys?
The renal artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve supply, ureter
28
What is the function of the ureter?
carries urine to the bladder
29
What are the two parts of the kidneys?
Cortex and medulla
30
What is the function of the kidneys(main)?
To regulate red blood cell production by secretion of erythropoietin
31
What stimulates RBC production?
erythropoietin
32
What are the functions (multiple) of the kidneys?
1. Process waste and excrete it 2. Regulate water and electrolyte balance 3. Regulate body fluid osmolality 4. Regulate acid-base balance 5. Regulate arterial pressure 6. Secrete, metabolize, excrete hormones 7. Gluconeogenesis
33
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
34
True/False: the nephrons can regenerate like new nephrons (just like the liver)
False: Cannot regenerate new nephrons (unlike liver)
35
When do you start to see clinical changes after losing nephrons?
only after about 75% of them are lost
36
What two hormones are involved in the pancreas?
insulin (beta cells) and glucagon
37