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Physiology for Engineers > Final Exam 3 > Flashcards

Final Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of bones (general)?

A

Organic matric (30%) and bone salts (70%)

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2
Q

What is the organic matrix made up of?

A

collagen fibers and ground substance (homogenous gelatinous substance)

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3
Q

What is the salt in bone composition?

A

hydroxyapatite

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4
Q

What is calcium needed for?

A

intracellular reactions such as muscle contraction and nerve cell release of neurotransmitters

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5
Q

What is calcium and phosphorus needed for?

A

bone and teeth structure

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6
Q

What is most of calcium and phosphorus stored as?

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

How is calcium stored?

A

intracellularly and in extracellular fluid

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8
Q

What is the site if hematopoiesis?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of red blood cells

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10
Q

What can immature cells in bone marrow develop into?

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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11
Q

What are the closely linked processes of calcium?

A
  • Formation of bone and teeth
  • Regulation of Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin
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12
Q

What three organs control calcium levels?

A

bone, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys

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13
Q

Bone remodeling occurs continually, breaking down ______ via ______

A

Hydroxyapatite by Osteoclasts

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14
Q

How is calcium absorbed?

A

by the GI tract

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15
Q

How is calcium excreted?

A

By the kidneys

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16
Q

True/False: Most calcium is excreted.

A

False; most is resorbed

17
Q

What are the three major actions of vitamin D?

A
  • Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Increases renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate (minor)
  • Enhances bone calcification (by increasing calcium transport, activating osteoblasts?)
18
Q

What part of the kidneys absorb calcium?

A

the renal tubules

19
Q

What happens when calcium concentration is low?

A

The kidneys absorb more

20
Q

What controls the rate of calcium excreteion?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

21
Q

How is renal phosphate controlled?

A

By overflow mechanism

22
Q

_____ can greatly increase phosphate excretion by kidneys.

A

PTH

23
Q

True/False: Vitamin D (active form) can increase Calcium Absorption from the Intestinal Tract.

A

True

24
Q

True/False: Your body can not produce its own vitamin C

A

False; your body can produce its own vitamin c

25
Q

How do you get vitamin C?

A

sun, or vitamin D from food or supplements

26
Q

What is required for your body to create its own vitamin D?

A

PTH

27
Q

What is the sunshine vitamin?

A

vitamin D3

28
Q

What is the most active for of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D3

29
Q

How does vitamin D help the body?

A

By increasing calcium absorption from the intestines to form hardened bones

30
Q

What happens when plasma concentration of calcium rises?

A

PTH secretion is suppressed and so is Vitamin D3

31
Q
A

Physiology for Engineers (30 decks)

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