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Physiology for Engineers > Lecture 7: Cell Phy 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Cell Phy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What cellular functions is ATP needed for?

A
  • Membrane transport
  • Synthesis of chemical compounds
  • Mechanical work
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2
Q

What’s an example of membrane transport?

A

Example: sodium transport

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3
Q

What’s an example of synthesis of chemical compounds?

A

Example: protein synthesis by ribosomes

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4
Q

What’s an example of mechanical work?

A

Example: supply energy needed for muscle contraction

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5
Q

What are the types of transport through the membrane?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Active transport
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6
Q

What are the types of transport proteins?

A

Channel proteins
Carrier proteins

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7
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Watery spaces to allow movement of certain ions

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8
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Bind with molecules or ions to be transported

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9
Q

What is the function of transport proteins?

A

penetrate the membrane

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10
Q

What are examples of channel proteins?

A

Aquaporins
Aquaglyceroporins
Ion channels

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11
Q

How does diffusion occur.

A
  • Occurs down a concentration gradient.
  • Either through lipid bilayer or involves a protein “channel” or “carrier”
  • No additional energy required
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12
Q

How does active transport occur?

A
  • Occurs against a concentration gradient.
  • Involves a protein “carrier.”
  • Requires energy (ATP)
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13
Q

Sometimes transport of ions through a channel
protein is called ____ not ____.

A

facilitated diffusion not simple
diffusion

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14
Q

What type of transport moves molecules/ions without carrier proteins?

A

Simple diffusion

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15
Q

What type of transportation requires interaction of carrier protein with molecules or
ions?

A

facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

How do lipid-soluble move through the lipid bilayer?

A

Lipid soluble moves quickly through lipid bilayer

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17
Q

How does water move through the lipid bilayer?

A

Water is insoluble to lipid cell membrane, but travels quickly through channels in protein molecules

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18
Q

True/False: Protein channels are usually selectively permeable to certain substances

A

true

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19
Q

What are the two types of gates that open and close protein channels?

A

Voltage and chemical gates

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20
Q

How do voltage gates work?

A

Molecular conformation of gate responds to electrical potential
across cell membrane

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21
Q

Give an example of a voltage gate.

A

Example: strong – charge inside cell so Na-gates remain closed,
but when lose negative charge with action potential, gates open
and Na enters cell

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22
Q

How do chemical gates work?

A

chemical (ligand) binds to protein, changes conformation to protein which opens or closes gate

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23
Q

Give an example of a chemical gate.

A

Example: Acetylcholine channel – Ach binds to channel and opens
it to allow certain molecules and ions to enter

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24
Q

What is the most abundant substance to diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Water; But normally it is balanced in both directions so there is essentially zero NET movement of water

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25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

concentration difference develops, the net movement of water = osmosis

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26
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the amount of pressure required to stop osmosis

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27
Q

What causes osmotic pressure?

A
  • caused by particles in a solution
  • Equals the number of particles per unit volume
28
Q

True/False: Each particle in a solution, regardless of mass, exerts the same amount of pressure against the membrane

A

True

29
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

number of particles per liter of solution (e.g. osmoles per liter of solution)

30
Q

What is osmolality?

A

= concentration of solution per unit of particles (e.g osmoles per kilogram of water)

31
Q

What is more common in clinical practice osmolarity or osmolality?

A

osmolarity

32
Q

What are two examples of substances that need to be transported via facilitated diffusion?

A

Glucose and amino acids

33
Q

Explain Primary Active Transport.

A
  • Molecules are “pumped” against an electrochemical gradient at the expense of energy (ATP).
  • direct use of energy
34
Q

Explain secondary active transport.

A
  • Transport is driven by energy stored in ionic concentration differences between two sides of membrane in the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (usually Na+).
  • indirect use of energy
35
Q

True/False: Both primary and secondary active transport depend on carrier proteins that penetrate through membrane

A

True

36
Q

Where is the sodium-potassium pump located in animal cells?

A

On plasma membrane

37
Q

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

A
  • Pumps sodium ions OUT of cell membrane
  • Pumps potassium ions INTO the cell
  • Regulates osmotic balance by maintaining Na+ and K+ balance across cell membrane
  • Basis of nerve function for transmitting nerve signals
38
Q

What is the basis of nerve function for transmitting nerve signals?

A

sodium-potassium pump

39
Q

How much energy does the sodium-potassium pump use?

A

Requires about 1/5 of typical cell’s energy and up to 2/3 of neuron’s energy

40
Q

How is the sodium-potassium pump activated?

A

Pump is activated by an increase in cell volume

41
Q

What controls the volume of the cell so it doesn’t burst?

A

Sodium-potassium ion pump

42
Q

Describe the structure of the sodium-potassium ion pump.

A
  • Three receptor sites bind sodium inside cell
  • Two receptor sites bind potassium outside cell
43
Q

How does the sodium-potassium ion pump work?

A
  • When ions are bound, activates ATPase part of protein, cleaving ATP and releasing energy, extruding 3 sodium out
    of cell (and water passively) and bringing 2 potassium into cell
  • Creates negative electrical voltage inside cell interior, creating electrical potential across cell membrane as it pumps
44
Q

Is the sodium-potassium ion pump primary or secondary active trasnport?

A

Primary active transport

45
Q

What is counter-transport

A
  • Transport in the opposite direction of the primary ion
  • Sodium (retained) and hydrogen (excreted) (e.g. in renal tubule)
46
Q

What are the protein cotransporters in secondary active transportation?

A

symporters or antiporters

47
Q

What do symporters do?

A

transport substance in same direction as a “driver” ion like Na+.

48
Q

What do antiporters do?

A

transport substance in opposite direction of a “driver” ion like Na+

49
Q

Where does active transport occur in the human body?

A

This type of transport occurs in intestine, renal tubules, gallbladder

50
Q

RNA controls ___ formation.

A

protein

51
Q

Cellular proteins are either ___ or ___.

A

structural or enzymes catalyzing cellular reactions

52
Q

Which is more common: structural proteins or enzymes catalyzing cellular reactions?

A

enzymes

53
Q

Proteins provide ___ to a membrane.

A

specificity

54
Q

What is the function of Messenger RNA?

A

Carries genetic code to cytoplasm to control protein formation

55
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA?

A

Transports activated aa to the ribosomes to be used in assembling protein molecules

56
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA?

A

Forms ribosomes where protein is assembled

57
Q

True/False: Most mutated cells die

A

True

58
Q

How to cells control their growth?

A

Growth factors from blood or adjacent tissue and they stop growing when there is no more room to grow

59
Q

Negative feedback with ___ cellular secretions

A

increased

60
Q

What causes cancer?`

A
  • abnormal cell growth and mitosis
  • Mutation/abnormal activation of cellular genes for Loss/inactivation of antioncogenes -> oncogenes ->cancer
61
Q

What is the function of feedback mechanisms?

A

prevent excessive growth and make it so that only a few cells which survive become cancerous

62
Q

True/False: A lack of sleep has links to cancer?

A

True

63
Q

What happens during facilitated diffusion?

A

substance diffuses through a membrane with carrier protein

64
Q

How does insulin affect glucose?

A

insulin increases the rate of glucose diffusion by 10-20 fold

64
Q

What are common carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion?

A

glucose and amino acids

65
Q
A
65
Q
A

Physiology for Engineers (15 decks)

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