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Physiology for Engineers > Lecture 5: Cell Phy 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cell Phy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the human body is fluid?

A

50-70%

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1
Q

How much of the human body fluid is intracellular?

A

2/3

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2
Q

How much of the human body fluid is extracellular?

A

1/3

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3
Q

What fluid is the internal environment of the body?

A

extracellular fluid

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4
Q

What is in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium, magnesium,
phosphate

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4
Q

What is in extracellular fluid?

A

electrolytes and nutrients for cells’ function (also: sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and CO2 for excretion)

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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6
Q

True/False: Even in disease, homeostasis continues, but at decreased performance

A

True

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7
Q

What is one way a cat or sheep in renal failure will get tipped
over the edge?

A

Infection

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8
Q

Where does blood travel?

A

Through blood vessels

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8
Q

Where does extracellular fluid move?

A

between capillaries and cells

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9
Q

How often does blood move through circulation in humans while resting vs activity?

A

Once per minute or six times per minute when active

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10
Q

How does diffusion occur in cells?

A

Continual exchange of ECF between plasma in blood and interstitial fluid between cells

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11
Q

How does our body maintain oncotic pressure?

A

large plasma proteins stay in the blood

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12
Q

True/False: Capillaries are permeable to most molecules except large
plasma proteins

A

True

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13
Q

True False: Most cells are located more than 50 micrometers from a
capillary

A

False usually 50 mm or less

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14
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

obtain oxygen in alveoli by diffusion and lose CO2

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15
Q

What is the function of the GI tract?

A

breaks things down to obtain carbohydrates, fatty acids, aa

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16
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A
  • Remove substances for excretion
  • Filter plasma at glomeruli and reabsorb glucose,
    amino acids, water (as needed)
  • Poorly absorbed substances are excreted
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17
Q

How are poorly absorbed substances excreted in the body?

A

through the kidneys

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18
Q

What is a cell?

A

The cell is the “basic living unit of the body.”
Each tissue or organ is “many different cells held
together by intercellular supporting structures.”

19
Q

True/False: The circulatory system is divided into two parts?

A

True

20
Q

Explain the cytoplasm.

A
  • Separated by a nuclear membrane
  • Cytoplasm is separated from fluid by cell membrane
21
Q

What percentage of cells is water?

A

70-85% (except fat cells)

22
Q

Give examples of ions in the cell.

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, calcium

23
Q

What is the function of ions in the cell and give an example?

A

ions provide chemicals for cellular reactions (e.g. ions at cell membrane are needed to transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers)

24
Q

What percentage of cells is protein?

A

10-20%

25
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

long thin filaments provide contraction, cytoskeleton

26
Q

What is the function of proteins (general)?

A
  • peripheral proteins enzymes, often adhere to inside cell membrane and catalyze reactions
  • Provide pores to allow water and water-soluble substances through cell membrane (e.g. ions)
  • Also act as Carrier proteins to transport substances that could not penetrate lipid bilayer, also provide active transport
  • Also serve as Receptors for water-soluble chemicals such as peptide hormones
27
Q

What percentage of the cells is lipid?

A

2%

28
Q

What is the function of lipids in the cell?

A

Insoluble in water so it forms the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers

29
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

30
Q

What are examples of lipids that form the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides

31
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

energy stores

32
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in the cell

A

stored for energy

33
Q

What is the function of intracellular glycogen?

A

longer storage backup system that can be used rapidly if needed.

34
Q

What is the structure of the Cell Membrane?

A

-Water-insoluble barrier made of lipids and protein
- Thin film of lipid 2 molecules thick continuous over entire surface of cell

  • Has a lipid bi-layer prevents water penetration,
    interspersed with proteins
35
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Cover the cell and internal organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
  • Structure
36
Q

Explain the structure of a phospholipid molecule.

A
  • Hydrophilic ends cover outside in contact with water
  • Hydrophobic ends are in center (soluble only in fats)
37
Q

What substances can penetrate the hydrophobic layer of a phospholipid molecule?

A

Can be penetrated by fat-soluble substances such as
oxygen, CO2 and alcohol

38
Q

What molecules provide specificity to a membrane?

A

Proteins

39
Q

What is the function of integral proteins?

A
  • Provide pores to allow water and water-soluble substances through cell membrane (e.g. ions)
  • Also act as Carrier proteins to transport substances that could not penetrate lipid bilayer, also provide active transport (highway)
  • Also serve as Receptors for water-soluble chemicals such as peptide hormones (epinephrine)
  • channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, etc.
40
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins?

A

enzymes (usually catalyze reactions), intracellular signals, mediators

41
Q

What is another name for aquaporins?

A

water channels

42
Q

What is the function of aquaporins?

A
  • Transport water across the cell membrane via water-permeable channels
  • Increases water permeability, so more water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct, back into the body (and urine is then concentrated)
43
Q

What is the function of Vasopressin?

A

vasopressin binds to receptors on the cells of the collecting duct in the kidneys, it activates a signaling pathway that results in the translocation of aquaporin channels (responsible for the absorption or excretion of water)

44
Q

How do the lungs maintain homeostasis for the body?

A

supply constant source of oxygen

45
Q

How does the GI tract maintain homeostasis for the body?

A

supplies nutrients

46
Q

How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis for the body?

A

maintain ion concentration

47
Q

Does disease develop fast or slow?

A

slow

48
Q

What is the function of dissolved glucose in the extracellular fluid?

A

readily available energy to the cell

49
Q

True/False: Protein molecules form pores through membrane for passage of specific substances

A

True

Physiology for Engineers (15 decks)

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