Final Exam 2

Question 1

What are the two main purposes of bone tissue?

Answer 1

1. Mechanical support and protection
2. Store and maintain mineral homeostasis

Question 2

What is cortical bone?

Answer 2

Also known as compact bone, hard, and on the outer tissue

Question 3

What is cancellous bone?

Answer 3

Also known as trabecular bone, sponge-like tissue

Question 4

What is subchondral tissue?

Answer 4

Smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered by cartilage

Question 5

What is cartilage?

Answer 5

Connective tissue present in adults and what most bones develop from in children

Question 6

How do sharks float?

Answer 6

They have cartilaginous skeletons and do not have bones. They also have a lighter body and low-density oils

Question 7

What is the periosteum?

Answer 7

tough, thin outer membrane covering the bones

Question 8

What is beneath the periosteum?

Answer 8

tunnels and canals through which blood and lymphatic vessel run to bring nutrients to bone

Question 9

What might attach to the periosteum?

Answer 9

muscle, ligaments, and tendons

Question 10

How are bones classified?

Answer 10

by their shape

Question 11

What are the classifications of bone shapes?

Answer 11

long, short, flat, and irregular

Question 12

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

Answer 12

206

Question 13

How many axial bones are there?

Answer 13

80

Question 14

How many appendicular bones are there

Answer 14

126

Question 15

Give some examples of axial bones.

Answer 15

head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum

Question 16

Give some examples of appendicular bones.

Answer 16

arms, shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet

Question 17

What is the function of osteoblasts and where are they located?

Answer 17

They form/build new bone tissue and are located within the bone

Question 18

What is the function of osteoclasts and where are they located?

Answer 18

They absorbs and remove/chew unwanted tissue, they are found in bone marrow

Question 19

What is the function of osteocytes and where are they located?

Answer 19

They help maintain bones as living tissue and they are found within the bone

Question 20

What are hematopoietic cells?

Answer 20

Immature cell in bone marrow that can develop into red blood cells (RBCs),white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets

Question 21

What types of cells are found in bone marrow?

Answer 21

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 22

Where are fat cells found?

Answer 22

in bone marrow

Question 23

What happens to fat cells when someone starves?

Answer 23

They shrink

Question 24

What is another name for cortical bone?

Answer 24

Compact bone

Question 25

What is another name for trabecular bone?

Answer 25

spongy bone

Question 26

What does cortical bone form?

Answer 26

The hard outer layer especially thick in shaft of long bones (e.g. femur)

Question 27

What percent of bone mass is cortical?

Answer 27

80%

Question 28

What is trabecular bone?

Answer 28

Spaces in-between trabeculae (lattice-shaped units with bony spicules, filled with bone marrow for hematopoiesis - production of red blood cells)

Question 29

Where is trabecular bone found?

Answer 29

At the end of long bones, near joints, interior of vertebrae

Question 30

What are the two types of bony tissue?

Answer 30

cortical (compact) and trabecular (spongy)

Question 31

Which bony tissue is involved in hematopoiesis?

Answer 31

trabecular

Question 32

What is the Endosteum?

Answer 32

Membrane that lines the center of the bone (medullary cavity) which contains bone marrow

Question 33

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 33

The growth plate (physis); a thin layer of cartilage, site of longitudinal and circumferential bone growth

Question 34

What is the osteon?

Answer 34

The main unit of compact (cortical) bone made of concentric bone layers (lamellae) that surround a long tube. the Haversian canal

Question 35

What is the lamelle?

Answer 35

Concentric bone layers

Question 36

True/False: Bone growth and resorption is a continual cycle.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

True/False: Total bone mass is always changing.

Answer 37

False; total bone mass remains constant

Question 38

True/False: Bone Deposition and Resorption are normally in Equilibrium (except in growing bones)

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Describe how osteoblasts lay new bone down?

Answer 39

in successive layers of concentric circles

Question 40

How long does bone deposition usually last?

Answer 40

months until the tunnel is filled

Question 41

What is an Osteon?

Answer 41

A new section of bone that was formed by deposition

Question 42

What stimulates bone turnover and how?

Answer 42

Growth hormone; it increases osteoblast number and function

Question 43

True/False: Bone turnover is a continual cycle.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True/False: Bones shrink when subjected to heavy loads.

Answer 44

False; bones thicken when subjected to heavy loads

Question 45

True/False: Shape of bone can be rearranged for proper support of mechanical forces by depositing and resorbing bone according to stress patterns

Answer 45

True

Question 46

How is toughness of bones maintained?

Answer 46

When old bone becomes brittle it undergoes deposition and resorption

Question 47

Describe bone deposition and adsorption in children vs elderly people.

Answer 47

Bones in children (rapid bone deposition/absorption) are not brittle vs. elderly people with brittle bones (slow deposition/absorption)

Question 48

True/False: Bone is deposited unproportionate to the compressional load that the bone must carry

Answer 48

False; Bone is deposited in proportion to the compressional load that the bone must carry

Question 49

True/False: Bones of athletes become much heavier than bones of nonathletes

Answer 49

True

Question 50

How is osteoblast deposition and calcification stimulated?

Answer 50

By continual physical stress

Question 51

If you fracture a bone, what is activated?

Answer 51

osteoblasts