Midterm Review 1/3

Question 1

True/False: Most of the human body is fluid.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

How much of the human body is fluid?

Answer 2

50-70%

Question 3

How much of the fluid in the body is intracellular?

Answer 3

2/3

Question 4

How much of the fluid in the body is extracellular?

Answer 4

1/3

Question 5

Which is more abundant: intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid?

Answer 5

Intracellular

Question 6

What did Claude Bernard call the internal environment of the body?

Answer 6

milieu interieur

Question 7

What is contained in the extracellular fluid

Answer 7

electrolytes, nutrients, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, CO2

Question 8

What is contained in intracellular fluid?

Answer 8

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate

Question 9

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Answer 9

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

Question 10

Who coined the term homeostasis?

Answer 10

Walter Cannon

Question 11

What are the three examples of the body maintaining homestasis?

Answer 11

• Lungs supply constant source of oxygen
• GI tract supplies nutrients
• Kidneys maintain ion concentration

Question 12

Disease is a state of ____.

Answer 12

disrupted homestasis

Question 13

In extracellular fluid, where does the blood move?

Answer 13

through blood vessels

Question 14

Where does fluid move in extracellular fluid?

Answer 14

between capillaries and cells

Question 15

What allows basic diffusion to occur in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 15

Continual exchange of ECF between plasma in blood and interstitial fluid between cells

Question 16

Are capillaries permeable?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

What is not permeable through capillaries?

Answer 17

large plasma proteins

Question 18

How is oncotic pressure maintained?

Answer 18

The capillary holds onto large plasma protein because the protein has a negative charge and holds fluid in the blood vessels

Question 19

True/False: Most cells are located more than 50 micrometers from a capillary.

Answer 19

False; Few cells are located more than 50 micrometers from a capillary

Question 20

What is the definition of the cell?

Answer 20

basic living unit of the body

Question 21

What are the two main components that occupy the cell?

Answer 21

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Question 22

How is the cytoplasm separated from the nucleus?

Answer 22

by a nuclear membrane

Question 23

How is the cytoplasm separated from fluid?

Answer 23

by the cell membrane

Question 24

How much water is the cell composed of?

Answer 24

70-85%

Question 25

What are examples of ions contained in the cell?

Answer 25

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, calcium

Question 26

What is the function of ions in the cell and give an example?

Answer 26

provide chemicals for cellular reactions (e.g. ions at cell membrane are needed to transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers)

Question 27

How much of the cell is made of protein?

Answer 27

10-20%

Question 28

What functions do proteins have in the cell?

Answer 28

structure and enzymes that catalyze reactions

Question 29

What are structural proteins?

Answer 29

long thin filaments provide contraction, cytoskeleton

Question 30

Where are functional proteins found?

Answer 30

often adhere to inside cell membrane

Question 31

What percent of the cell is fat?

Answer 31

2%

Question 32

True/False: We need a certain amount of fat in our diet

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True/False: We need a certain amount of cholesterol in our diet.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Where are lipids found in the cell?

Answer 34

Insoluble in water so it forms the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers

Question 35

What are lipids broken down into?

Answer 35

 Phospholipids  Cholesterol  Triglycerides (in fat cells/adipocytes) for energy stores

Question 36

What are adipocytes?

Answer 36

fat cells

Question 37

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 37

energy

Question 38

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

Answer 38

glucose

Question 39

What is the function of glucose in dissolved in extracellular fluid?

Answer 39

readily available energy to the cell

Question 40

What is the function of intracellular glycogen?

Answer 40

backup system stored in the cell that can be used rapidly if needed

Question 41

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 41

Water-insoluble barrier made of lipids and protein

Question 42

Where is the cell membrane found?

Answer 42

Covering the cell and internal organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

Question 43

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 43

Keeps the cell intact, prevents water penetration, and acts as a gatekeeper (Protein molecules form pores through membrane for passage of specific substances)

Question 44

What are the two types of phospholipids that are in the cell membrane?

Answer 44

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Question 45

Where are the hydrophilic ends of the cell membrane?

Answer 45

cover outside in contact with water

Question 46

Where are the hydrophobic ends of the cell membrane?

Answer 46

in center (soluble only in fats)

Question 47

What can penetrate the hydrophobic ends?

Answer 47

fat-soluble substances such as oxygen, CO2 and alcohol

Question 48

What is the function of proteins ON the cell membrane?

Answer 48

- Provide pores to allow water and water-soluble substances through cell membrane (e.g. ions) - Acts as Carrier proteins to transport substances that could not penetrate lipid bilayer, also provide active transport - Serve as Receptors for water-soluble chemicals such as peptide hormones

Question 49

What is the function of carrier proteins?

Answer 49

to transport substances that could not penetrate lipid bilayer, also provide active transport

Question 50

Where are peripheral proteins found un the cell?

Answer 50

Attached to the inside of the cell membrane