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Physiology for Engineers > Midterm Review 1/3 > Flashcards

Midterm Review 1/3 Flashcards

1
Q

True/False: Most of the human body is fluid.

A

True

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2
Q

How much of the human body is fluid?

A

50-70%

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3
Q

How much of the fluid in the body is intracellular?

A

2/3

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4
Q

How much of the fluid in the body is extracellular?

A

1/3

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5
Q

Which is more abundant: intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid?

A

Intracellular

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6
Q

What did Claude Bernard call the internal environment of the body?

A

milieu interieur

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7
Q

What is contained in the extracellular fluid

A

electrolytes, nutrients, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, CO2

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8
Q

What is contained in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate

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9
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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10
Q

Who coined the term homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon

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11
Q

What are the three examples of the body maintaining homestasis?

A
  • Lungs supply constant source of oxygen
  • GI tract supplies nutrients
  • Kidneys maintain ion concentration
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12
Q

Disease is a state of ____.

A

disrupted homestasis

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13
Q

In extracellular fluid, where does the blood move?

A

through blood vessels

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14
Q

Where does fluid move in extracellular fluid?

A

between capillaries and cells

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15
Q

What allows basic diffusion to occur in the extracellular fluid?

A

Continual exchange of ECF between plasma in blood and interstitial fluid between cells

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16
Q

Are capillaries permeable?

A

yes

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17
Q

What is not permeable through capillaries?

A

large plasma proteins

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18
Q

How is oncotic pressure maintained?

A

The capillary holds onto large plasma protein because the protein has a negative charge and holds fluid in the blood vessels

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19
Q

True/False: Most cells are located more than 50 micrometers from a capillary.

A

False; Few cells are located more than 50 micrometers from a capillary

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20
Q

What is the definition of the cell?

A

basic living unit of the body

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21
Q

What are the two main components that occupy the cell?

A

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

22
Q

How is the cytoplasm separated from the nucleus?

A

by a nuclear membrane

23
Q

How is the cytoplasm separated from fluid?

A

by the cell membrane

24
Q

How much water is the cell composed of?

A

70-85%

25
Q

What are examples of ions contained in the cell?

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, calcium

26
Q

What is the function of ions in the cell and give an example?

A

provide chemicals for cellular reactions (e.g. ions at cell membrane are needed to transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers)

27
Q

How much of the cell is made of protein?

A

10-20%

28
Q

What functions do proteins have in the cell?

A

structure and enzymes that catalyze reactions

29
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

long thin filaments provide contraction, cytoskeleton

30
Q

Where are functional proteins found?

A

often adhere to inside cell membrane

31
Q

What percent of the cell is fat?

A

2%

32
Q

True/False: We need a certain amount of fat in our diet

A

True

33
Q

True/False: We need a certain amount of cholesterol in our diet.

A

True

34
Q

Where are lipids found in the cell?

A

Insoluble in water so it forms the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers

35
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

 Phospholipids
 Cholesterol
 Triglycerides (in fat cells/adipocytes) for energy stores

36
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

37
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

energy

38
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

glucose

39
Q

What is the function of glucose in dissolved in extracellular fluid?

A

readily available energy to the cell

40
Q

What is the function of intracellular glycogen?

A

backup system stored in the cell that can be used rapidly if needed

41
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Water-insoluble barrier made of lipids and protein

42
Q

Where is the cell membrane found?

A

Covering the cell and internal organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Keeps the cell intact, prevents water penetration, and acts as a gatekeeper (Protein molecules form pores through membrane for passage of specific substances)

44
Q

What are the two types of phospholipids that are in the cell membrane?

A

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

45
Q

Where are the hydrophilic ends of the cell membrane?

A

cover outside in contact with water

46
Q

Where are the hydrophobic ends of the cell membrane?

A

in center (soluble only in fats)

47
Q

What can penetrate the hydrophobic ends?

A

fat-soluble substances such as oxygen, CO2 and alcohol

48
Q

What is the function of proteins ON the cell membrane?

A
  • Provide pores to allow water and water-soluble
    substances through cell membrane (e.g. ions)
  • Acts as Carrier proteins to transport substances
    that could not penetrate lipid bilayer, also provide
    active transport
  • Serve as Receptors for water-soluble chemicals
    such as peptide hormones
49
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

to transport substances
that could not penetrate lipid bilayer, also provide
active transport

50
Q

Where are peripheral proteins found un the cell?

A

Attached to the inside of the cell membrane

Physiology for Engineers (15 decks)

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