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Bio 459 - Diseases > Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 3) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest phylum?

A

Epsilonprobacteria

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2
Q

What are 2 examples of epsilonproteobacteria?

A
  1. Campylobacter

2. Helicobacter

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3
Q

Campylobacter (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. One polar flagellum
  3. Cant grow with excess presence of O2
  4. Gram-negative
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4
Q

What is an example of campylobacter?

A

C. jejuni = causes food borne intestinal disease

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5
Q

Helicobacter (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Multiple flagella
  3. Causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
  4. Gram-negative
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6
Q

What are 5 examples of nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria?

A
  1. Chlamydia
  2. Planctomycetes
  3. Spirochaetes
  4. Deinococci
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7
Q

What are 2 examples of chlamydiae?

A
  1. Chlamydia
  2. Chlamydophila
    - both have no peptidoglycan in the cell walls and grow intracellularly
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8
Q

Chlamydia and chlamydophila (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Form an elementary body that is infective
  3. Gram-negative
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9
Q

What is an example of chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis = causes trachoma and urethritis

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10
Q

What is an example of chlamydophila?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci = causes respiratory psittacosis

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11
Q

What are the 6 steps to chlamydia?

A
  1. The bacterium’s infectious form the elementary body and attaches to a host cell
  2. The host cell phagocytizes the elementary body, housing it in a vacuole
  3. The elementary body re-organizes to form a reticulate body
  4. The reticulate body divides successively, producing multiple reticulate bodies
  5. The reticulate bodies begin to convert back into elementary bodies
  6. The elementary bodies are released from the host cell
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12
Q

Planctomycetes (3)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Gemmata obsuriglobus has a membrane around DNA resembling a eukaryotic nucleus
  3. Gram-negative
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13
Q

What are 2 examples of planctomycetes?

A
  1. Bacteroidetes

2. Fusobacteria

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14
Q

Bacteroidetes (5)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. Found in the mouth and large intestines
  4. Cytophaga degrade cellulose in soil
  5. Gram-negative
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15
Q

Fusobacteria (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. Found in the mouth
  4. Causes dental abscesses
    - effects the gums
  5. Spindle shaped
  6. Gram-negative
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16
Q

What shape are spirochatetes and how do they move?

A
  • They are coiled shape

- Move via axial filaments

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17
Q

What are 3 examples of spirochatetes?

A
  1. Treponema
  2. Borrelia
  3. Leptospira
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18
Q

Treponema (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-negative

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19
Q

What is an example of treponema?

A

T. pallidum = causes syphilis

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20
Q

Borrelia (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-negative

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21
Q

What is an example of borrelia?

A

B. burgdorferi = causes relapsing fever and lyme disease

- transmitted by ticks

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22
Q

Leptospira (5)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Animal pathogens excreted in animal urine
  3. Can be transmitted to humans
  4. Has a linear genome (B31)
    - 1 linear Mb O991, genes = 853
    - 3 circular plasmids with 12-29 genes
    - 10 small linear plasmids = 25-76 genes
  5. Gram-negative
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23
Q

What are 2 examples of deinococci?

A
  1. Deinococcus radiodurons

2. Thermus aquatics

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24
Q

Deinococcus radiodurons (3)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. More resistant to radiation than endospores
  3. Gram-negative
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25
Q

Thermus aquatics (4)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Found in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
  3. Source of Taq polymerase
  4. Gram-negative
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26
Q

What are 2 examples of gram positive bacteria?

A
  1. Firmicutes

2. Actinobacteria

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27
Q

What is the major difference between firmicutes and actinobacteria?

A
  • Firmicutes have low G and C ratios

- Actinobacteria have high G and C ratios

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28
Q

What are 6 examples of firmicutes?

A
  1. Clostridiales
  2. Epulopiscium
  3. Bacillales
  4. Staphylococcus
  5. Lactrobacillales
  6. Mycoplasmatales
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29
Q

What are 5 example of clostridiales?

A
  1. Clostridium
  2. C. tetani
  3. C. botulinum
  4. C. perfringens
  5. C. difficile
    - all disease causing bacteria
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30
Q

Clostridium (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Obligate anaerobes
  3. Gram-positive
31
Q

What is the largest bacteria known?

A

Epulopiscium

32
Q

Epulopiscium (5)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Can be seen with an unaided eye
  3. Daughter cells form within the parent
    - no binary fission
  4. Spore forming bacteria
  5. Gram-positive
33
Q

What are 4 examples of bacillales?

A
  1. Bacillus
  2. B. anthracis = causes anthrax
  3. B. thuringiensis = is an insect pathogen
  4. B. cereus = causes food poisoning
34
Q

Bacillus (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Leads to necrosis
  3. Endospore-producing rods
  4. Gram-positive
35
Q

Staphylococcus (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Grape like clusters
  3. Gram-positive
36
Q

What is an example of staphlococcus?

A

S. aureus - causes wound infection

  • is often antibiotic resistant
  • produces enterotoxin
37
Q

Enterotoxin

A

A toxin produced in or affecting the intestines

38
Q

Lactobacillates (4)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Aerotolerant anaerobes
    - produces lactic acid from simple carbohydrates
  3. Lactobacillus colonize the body and are used commercially in food production
  4. Gram-positive
39
Q

What are 3 examples of lactobacillates?

A
  1. Streptococcus
  2. Enterococcus
  3. Listeria
40
Q

Streptococcus (5)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Spherical in chains
  3. Produce enzymes that destroy tissues
  4. Creates respiratory infections
    - lives on mucus in the mouth, GT tract, etc
  5. Gram-positive
41
Q

What is an example of beta-hemolytic streptococci?

A

S. pyogenes

42
Q

What are 2 examples of non-beta-hemolytic streptococci?

A
  1. S. pneumoniae
  2. S. mutans
    - both cause dental caries
43
Q

Enterococcus (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Found in the intestinal track
    - hospital contaminants
  3. Gram-positive
44
Q

What are 3 examples of enterococcus?

A
  1. E. faecalis
  2. E. faecium
    - both infect surgical wounds and the urinary track
45
Q

Listeria (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-positive

46
Q

What is an example of listeria?

A

L. monocytogenes = contaminates food

47
Q

Mycoplasmatales (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Lack of cell wall
    - peomorphic
  3. Gram-positive
48
Q

What is an example of mycoplasmatales?

A

M. pneumoniae = causes mild pneumonia

49
Q

What are 3 E. coli success

A
  1. Ability to adhere to surfaces
  2. Ability to rapidly use nutrients
  3. Ability to tolerate, resist or destroy the immune defences of the hosts
    - allowing them to become pathogenic
50
Q

Actinobacteria (4)

A
  1. High G and C
  2. Gram-positive
  3. Often pleomorphic
    - branching filaments
  4. Often common inhabitants in soil
51
Q

What are 8 examples of actinobacteria?

A
  1. Mycobacterium
  2. Corynebacterium
  3. Propionibacterium
  4. Gardneralla
  5. Frankia
  6. Streptomyces
  7. Actinomyces
  8. Nocardia
52
Q

Mycobacterium (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Outer most layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and water resistant
  3. Often slow growing
  4. Gram-positive
53
Q

What are 2 examples of mycobacterium?

A
  1. M. tuberculosis = causes tuberculosis
  2. M. leprae = causes leprosy
    - effects nose and upper respiratory track
54
Q

Corynebacterium (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-positive

55
Q

What is an example of corynebacterium?

A

C. diptheriae = causes diphtheria

- diarrhea

56
Q

Propionibacterium (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Forms propionic acid
  3. Gram-positive
57
Q

What is an example of propionibacterium?

A

P. acnes = causes acne

58
Q

Gardneralla (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-positive

59
Q

What is an example of gardneralla?

A

G. vaginalis = causes vaginitis

- inflammatory of the vagina

60
Q

Frankia (3)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Forms N-flxing nodules on tree roots
  3. Gram-positive
61
Q

Streptomyces (5)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Grows relatively slow
  3. Isolated form soil
  4. Produces most antibiotics
  5. Gram-positive
62
Q

Actinomyces (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Forms filaments in the mouth and throat
    - destroys tissue s
  3. Gram-positive
63
Q

Nocardia (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Forming fragmenting filaments
    - acid fast
  3. Gram-positive
64
Q

What is an example of nocardia?

A

N. asteroides = causes pulmonary infections in humans

65
Q

What kind of shape do archea typically have?

A

an unusual shape

66
Q

What do archea not have?

67
Q

What do archea contain?

A

Different types of membranes and fatty acids

68
Q

What kind of linkage does archea have?

A

Ether linkage

69
Q

What do archea lack?

A

Peptidoglycan

70
Q

What are 2 habitats for archea?

A
  1. Extremophiles

2. Methanogens

71
Q

What are 2 examples of etremophiles?

A
  1. Halophiles

2. Thermophils

72
Q

Halophils

A

Required salt concentration > 25%

73
Q

Thermophiles

A

Required growth temperature at > 80%

74
Q

Methanogens

A

Anaerobic and produce methane

Bio 459 - Diseases (21 decks)

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