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Bio 459 - Diseases > Lecture 2 Notes (Part 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Notes (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Na do in the environment?

A

Reduces water activity

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2
Q

Where can bacteria survive when they can tolerate high concentrations of salt? (2)

A

Allows them to survive temporal and spatial change of salinity

  1. Ecosystems
  2. Saltmarsh
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3
Q

What is a major source of energy for the biosphere?

A

Light

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4
Q

What does light drive?

A

Thermic processes associated to climate

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5
Q

What are the 3 aspects to temperature?

A
  1. Temp as a factor that affects the rate of chemical reactions catalyzed or not by enzymes
  2. Temp as a key factor for the survival of organisms
  3. Climate is largely driven by temp
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6
Q

What are proteins sensitive to?

A

Denaturation and temps higher than their optimum range

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7
Q

What happens to chemical reactions and enzyme activity as temp increases?

A

They increase too

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8
Q

What is a negative aspect to too high of temp?

A

Breaking of bonds that can lead to denaturation and inactivation

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9
Q

What is high temp usually associated with? (3)

A
  1. Hot springs
  2. Hydrothermal vents
  3. Volcanoes
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10
Q

At what temp can phototrophic organisms no longer grow?

A

> 37 deg C

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11
Q

At what temp can only some chemolithotrophic bacteria grow?

A

> 73 deg C

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12
Q

What do prokaryotes need in order to avoid inactivation of proteins? What are 2 examples?

A

Special adaptations

  1. Subtle changes in hydrophobic interactions
  2. Salt bridges
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13
Q

What are thermophiles and hyperthermophils associated with?

A

Geothermic energy

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14
Q

Mesophil

A

Is an organism that grows best in moderate temp

- 20-49 deg C

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15
Q

Thermophile

A

Is an organism that thrives at relative high temp

- 41-122 deg C

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16
Q

Psycrophile

A

Is an organism that is capable of growth and reproduction in cold temp
- -20-10 deg C

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17
Q

How long ago did O2 appear?

A

2 billion years ago

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18
Q

What did organisms do before O2 appeared?

A

Most organisms were likely chemoautotrophic or fermentation

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19
Q

What allows glucose (or acetate) to produce more energy from the same mol of glucose?

A

Photosynthesis

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20
Q

Decrease in energy does what for growth?

A

Decreases it

21
Q

What is population?

A

Requirement of communities of various species to recycle nutrients and create a growing environments

22
Q

What is a very common tree on the island?

A

Douglas Fir

23
Q

What can statistics do?

A

Create parameters for restrictions

24
Q

How can we study a biological population? (3)

A
  1. Need to determine what constitutes an individual
  2. How it will be observed
  3. How it will be treated for statistical analysis
    - eg) take a swab, culture it and count the results
25
Q

Oak-Hickory populaiton

A

Non-linear relation that can be linearized by using a logarithmic scale that allows for a regression determination of the death rate

26
Q

Unlike plants and animal, what can prokaryotes not do?

A

Be counted directly

27
Q

What is the device called thats used to count cells?

A

microscope

- hemacytometer

28
Q

How do you use a hemacytometer? (4)

A
  1. Use a slide with a grid and put a drop of sample on it
  2. Select the field of choice
  3. Calc the average of cells in the grids
  4. Calc the number of cells in the sample
29
Q

What is electron microscopy measuring?

A

Wavelengths

30
Q

What are epiflourescense used to look at?

A

Stains

31
Q

What are petri dishes used for?

A

Culturing

- most common

32
Q

What is a spectrophotometer used for?

A

Counting bacteria by looking at the density of the suspension

33
Q

What is the most modern way of counting bacteria? (2)

A
  1. Quantitative PCR

2. Molecular probing

34
Q

What is a negative aspect of microscopes?

A

Cant tell whether the cells are alive or dead

35
Q

Viable count

A

Gives a quantitative idea about the presence of microorganisms

  • counting cells that are able to grow
  • eg) bacteria, yeast and mold
36
Q

Direct count

A

Counting blood/tissue cells by using a hemocytomer can be determined the concentration of a known volume
- can detect between live and dead cells

37
Q

Turbidmetry

A

Is the process of measuring the loss of intensity of transmitted light due to the scattering effect of particles suspended in it

38
Q

Monod’s experiment

A

Used E.coli as an experimental modle to understand bacterial population

39
Q

What was the limiting factor for growth of E.coli?

A

Glucose

- if ran out of glucose then they used lactose

40
Q

What does a plateau on the graph indicate?

A

It means that the bacteria is re-engineering and creating new proteins cause it is developing new proteins

41
Q

What does the presence of lactose induce?

A

Transcription of genes

42
Q

What are the 6 growth phases?

A
  1. Lag
  2. Acceleration
  3. Exponential
  4. Retardation
  5. Stationary
  6. Declining
43
Q

Lag phase

A

Growth rate null

  • no cell division
  • no DNA replication
44
Q

Acceleration phase

A

Growth rate increases

45
Q

Exponential phase

A

Growth rate is constant

- cell division

46
Q

Retardation phase

A

Growth rate decreases

47
Q

Declining phase

A

Growth rate is negative

48
Q

What phase is used to define a population in biology?

A

Exponential phase

- ideal condition for cells

Bio 459 - Diseases (21 decks)

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