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Bio 459 - Diseases > Lecture 2 Notes (Part 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Notes (Part 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

They are microscopic unicellular living organisms

(most > 0.5- < 5.0um) with no organelles

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2
Q

Why cant you catch a virus with a standard filter?

A

Viruses are too small and they will fall right through

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3
Q

What does bacteria have a complete set of?

A

RNA

- they can reproduce themselves

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4
Q

What are viruses?

A

They are microorganisms ( < 0.2um) with no capacity to generate their own energy

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5
Q

What do viruses lack?

A

A complete set of RNA

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6
Q

Mimivirus

A

Isolated from bacteria and large virus identified through typhus via rickettsia toxin

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7
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis’s that emerged from a virus?

A
  1. Parasites losing ability to live freely

2. Gained genes to live as a virus

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8
Q

Where can bacteria and viruses be found?

A

EVERYWHERE

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9
Q

What do bacteria have a great ability to do?

A

Gain energy

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10
Q

What do the building blocks of life form a variety of in the environment? (7)

A
  1. Soil
  2. Freshwater
  3. Marine
  4. Hydrothermal vents
  5. Hot springs
  6. Volcanoes
  7. Plants/fungus
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11
Q

What are the 3 building blocks of life?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Phosphorus
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12
Q

What does bacteria have the ability to do since they can evolve new physiologies?

A

Ability to colonize very different, very harsh environments

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13
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of bacteria?

A
  1. Self-feeding or nutrition
  2. Self-replicating
  3. Differentiation
  4. Chemical signalling
  5. Movement
  6. Evolution ** MOST IMPORTANT**
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14
Q

Sporulation

A

Is the formation of nearly dormant forms of bacteria

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15
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Is a system of stimuli and response correlated to population density

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16
Q

How do autotrophic organisms derive their energy? (2)

A
  1. Light (photoautotrophs)

2. Chemical oxidation (chemoautotrophs)

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17
Q

Why do autotrophic organisms derive carbon?

A

For synthesis of organic molecules and polymer from CO2 or carbonate

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18
Q

How do heterotrophic organisms derive their energy? Give 4 examples

A

From the oxidation of organic molecules

  1. Glucose
  2. Acetate
  3. Cellulose
  4. Lipids
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19
Q

What type are most pathogenic bacteria?

A

heterotrophic

- require some form of carbon

20
Q

What was Liebigs the founder of?

A

Agriculture chemistry by his research on plant and animal nutrition
- research on understanding chemical factors that influence the growth of plants for agriculture purposes

21
Q

What are field of crops limited by?

A

Nutrients

22
Q

What do plants assimilate N as? (2)

A
  1. NH4

2. NO3

23
Q

What lead to the use of chemical fertilizer in agriculture?

A

Discovery of Haber-Bosch process of chemical reduction of N2 to NH3

24
Q

What was Liebig wrong about?

A

He thought that plants assimilated N via gaseous ammonia in a similar fashion that they assimilate Co2 via photosynthesis

25
Q

What is iron a critical element for?

A

Cellular respiratory chain

26
Q

What is growth limited by?

A

By the lowest concentration for the nutrients that is available for consumption

27
Q

What have bacteria and cyanobacteria evolved?

A

Specific iron carries called siderophores, solubilization iron for transport

28
Q

How much iron is stored in the human body?

A

5g

29
Q

Why is free iron kept very low in humans?

A

Because if its toxicity

30
Q

Siderophores

A

A molecule that binds and transports iron in microorganisms

31
Q

Enterobactin

A

Is a high affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems

32
Q

What are 2 examples of enterobactin?

A
  1. Salmonella

2. E. coli

33
Q

What is Martins experiment?

A

Determines how iron is a limiting factor of phytoplankton

34
Q

What is growth controlled by?

A

By the scarcest resource

- limiting factor

35
Q

What are the 2 principles constraining Leibig’s Law?

A
  1. This law is strictly applicable only under stead state conditions
  2. Limiting factor for an organism may change according to the interaction of the other environmental variables
36
Q

Steady state

A

Is an unchanging conditional, system or physical process that remains the same even after transformation or change

37
Q

What did Leibig’s law not consider?

A

The fact that the success of an organism is living in a environment may not only depend on the availability of nutrient but also on the tolerance of a given organism to variation of factors
- eg) temp, pH, salinity, oxygen, pressure

38
Q

Who came up with the concept of the limiting effect of max and min?

A

Vernon Shelford

39
Q

How do eurytypic organisms grow?

A

In a wide range of specific conditions

40
Q

How do stenotypic organisms grow?

A

In a narrow range of specific conditions

41
Q

What is E.coli an example of?

A

Stenotypic

42
Q

What is S. aureus an example of?

A

Eurytypic

43
Q

Halotolerent

A

Is the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity

44
Q

What is the most important factor for life existence?

A

Water

45
Q

What can prokaryotes do to adapt with water?

A

The develop molecular adaptations to support low availability of water

46
Q

What did Kind and Schnell (1996) study?

A

The effect of water on methane oxidation in forest soil

Bio 459 - Diseases (21 decks)

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