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Bio 459 - Diseases > Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 3 examples of vectors?

A
  1. Fleas
  2. Ticks
  3. Mosquitos
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2
Q

What are 2 general methods of transmitting diseases?

A
  1. Mechanical transmission

2. Biological transmission

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3
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

Anthropod carries pathogen on its feet

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4
Q

Biological transmission

A

Pathogen reduces in the vector

- transmitted through bites or feces

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5
Q

HAI

A

Healthcare Associated Infections

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6
Q

Where do you get a HAI?

A

Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility

  • nosoinfection
  • noso = disease
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7
Q

What does HAI result from? (3)

A
  1. microorganisms in the hospital environment
  2. Weakened status of the host
    - weakened immune system
  3. Chain of transmission in a hospital
    - eg) needles
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8
Q

Compromised host

A

An individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy of burns

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of microorganisms involved in HAI?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Clastridium difficile
  3. Enterococcus spp.
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10
Q

What are 4 ways of reducing pathogens?

A
  1. Hand washing
  2. Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
  3. Cleaning instruments scrupulously
  4. Using disposable bandages and intubation
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11
Q

What is the downside to controlling HAI?

A

It generates a lot of waste

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12
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Diseases that are new, increase in incidence or showing a potential to increase in the near future

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13
Q

What are most types of emerging infectious diseases? (2)

A

Most are zoonotic and vector borne

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14
Q

Re-emerging disease

A

Are infectious diseases that once were major health problems globally and then decreased dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant portion of the population

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of a re-emerging disease?

A
  1. TB

2. Malaria

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16
Q

How are re-emerging diseases likely passed on?

A

Through a vector

- eg) a bite from a tick or insect

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17
Q

What are 8 contributing factors to re-emerging diseases?

A
  1. Genetic recombination
    - E.coli O157 and avian flu (H5N1)
  2. Evolution of new strains
    - vibrio cholerae O139
  3. Widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides
    - antibiotic resistant strains like TB
  4. Changes in weather patterns
    - hantavirus
  5. Modern transportation
    - chikungunya and west nile virus; both were introduced to be who came by planes
  6. Ecological disasters, war and expanding human settlement
    - coccidioidomycosis (fungal infection)
  7. Animal control measure
    - lyme disease (ticks to humans)
  8. Public health failure
    - diphtheria which is a re-emerging disease
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18
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of where and when disease occur and how they are transmitted in a population

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19
Q

What do epidemiologists do? (4)

A
  1. Determine etiology of a disease
  2. Identify other important factors concerning the spread of diseases
  3. Develop methods for controlling a disease
  4. Assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of diseases
20
Q

John Snow

A

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London

- 1848 - 1849

21
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of peurperal sepsis, which helped control the outbreaks
- 1846 - 1848

22
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus

23
Q

What does an increase in lyme disease suggest?

A

Transmission through a vector

24
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Collection and analysis of data

- Snow

25
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
- Nightingale

26
Q

Experimental epidemiology

A

Involves a hypothesis and a controlled environment

  • Semmelweis
  • eg) hand washing experiment
27
Q

What does the centres for disease control and prevention do?

A

Collects and analyzes epidemiological info in the US

28
Q

Morbitity

A

Incidence of a specific notifiable disease

29
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths from notifiable diseases

30
Q

Notifiable infectious disease

A

Diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrences

31
Q

Morbidity rate

A

The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time period

32
Q

Mortality rate

A

The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given disease

33
Q

What are 4 basic techniques in molecular biology?

A
  1. PCR
  2. Hybridization
  3. Cloning
  4. DNA sequencing
34
Q

PCR

A

Is a technique used to amplify a segment of DNA

35
Q

What are the 3 phases of PCR?

A
  1. Denaturation of the double stranded DNA into single stranded molecules
  2. Annealing of the primers to the specific area of interest
  3. Extension phase (amplification)
36
Q

Hybridization

A

Is a technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences
- is typically used to determine the genetic differences between 2 organisms

37
Q

What are the 5 phases of hybridization?

A
  1. Cells from the specimen affixed to filter
  2. Lyse cells and generate single stranded target DNA
  3. Add reporter labeled probe; allowing for re-annealing to target
  4. Measure hybridization directly if reporter is radioactive or fluorescent
    - add enzyme to substrate if reporter is an enzyme
    - whatever is bound to the membrane is what will be read
  5. Detection
    - radioactivity detector
    - fluorimeter
    - colorimeter/ visual inspection
38
Q

Cloning

A

Is a technique that the lab processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent
- uses a vector insertion

39
Q

What are the 3 different types of cloning?

A
  1. Gene cloning
  2. Reproductive cloning
  3. Therapeutic cloning
40
Q

Why do we clone?

A

To be able to understand more about the function of particular genes
- good for tracking

41
Q

What does cloning require?

A

A vector

42
Q

Vector

A

A plasmid DNA used as a tool to make more copies of or produce a protein from a certain gene

43
Q

DNA sequencing

A

Is a process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule
- you have multiple sequences to allow for less error

44
Q

What do you need in DNA sequencing?

A

A radioactive primer

- typically uses radioactive P32

45
Q

Primer

A

Is a short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

46
Q

What happens to the reaction products in DNA sequencing?

A

They are separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and identified by autoradiography
- it generates fragments of different size

Bio 459 - Diseases (21 decks)

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