Lecture 3 Notes

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

The study of disease

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

The study of the cause of the a disease

Question 3

Pathogensis

Answer 3

The development of a disease

Question 4

Infection

Answer 4

Colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 5

Disease

Answer 5

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Question 6

Transient microbiota

Answer 6

May be present for days, weeks or months

Question 7

Normal microbiota

Answer 7

Permanently colonized the host

Question 8

Symbiosis

Answer 8

Is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

- both benefit (obligatory)

Question 9

Lysozyme

Answer 9

An enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria

Question 10

Propionibacterium

Answer 10

A bacterium that metabolizes carbohydrates

Question 11

Staphylococcus

Answer 11

A bacterium of a genus that includes many pathogenic kinds that cause pus formation

Question 12

Micrococcus

Answer 12

A spherical bacterium that is typically found on dead or decaying organic matter

Question 13

Diphtheroid

Answer 13

Any bacterium of a genus that includes the diphtheria bacillus
- does not cause disease

Question 14

Lactobacillus

Answer 14

A rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid from the fermentation of carbohydrates

Question 15

Bacteroides

Answer 15

Bacterium that is resistant to penicillin

Question 16

Klebsiella

Answer 16

A bacterium that causes respiratory, urinary and wound infection

Question 17

Microbial antagonism

Answer 17

Is a competition between microbes

Question 18

What are 6 ways normal microbia protect the host?

Answer 18

1. Competing for nutrients
2. Producing substances harmful to invading microbes
3. Affecting pH and available O2
4. Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
5. Produces acid
6. Produces bacteriocins

Question 19

Bacteriocins

Answer 19

Chemicals produced by certain bacteria that suppresses other bacterial cell walls

Question 20

Probiotics

Answer 20

Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Question 21

Nisin

Answer 21

A bacteriocin used a food preservatives

- eg) preserved milk in developing countries to prevent growth of bacteria

Question 22

Bacteria

Answer 22

Unicellular organisms which a cell has no nucleus

- Eubacteria

Question 23

Protozoa

Answer 23

Unicellular organisms which a cell a nucleus

- Eucaryota

Question 24

What organisms are hard to develop a vaccine against?

Answer 24

Protozoa’s

Question 25

Virus

Answer 25

Obligately intracellular parasite that cannot reproduce by itself

Question 26

Prions

Answer 26

Proteins causing slow degenerative disease in animals and humans

Question 27

What was the story of Kuru? (3)

Answer 27

1. Brains were infected
2. Eaten by other people
3. This was a form of showing respect for those who had the disease

Question 28

What was the % of death in Africa for: infections, nutrition, other, injuries, cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory? (7)

Answer 28

1. Infection = 61%
2. Nutrition = 10%
3. Other = 7%
4. Injuries = 7%
5. Cardiovascular = 8%
6. Cancer = 5%
7. Respiratory = 2%

Question 29

What was the % of death in America for: infections, nutrition, other, injuries, cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory? (7)

Answer 29

1. Infection = 11%
2. Nutrition = 4%
3. Other = 18%
4. Injuries = 10%
5. Cardiovascular = 34%
6. Cancer = 18%
7. Respiratory = 5%

Question 30

What is a big source of disease?

Answer 30

Bacteria

Question 31

What percent of children have an infection in the first 10 years of their lives?

Answer 31

95%

Question 32

Orthomyxovirus

Answer 32

Flu virus

Question 33

What are Koch’s postulates? (4)

Answer 33

1. The same pathogens must be present in every case of the disease
2. The pathogens must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animals
4. The pathogens must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

Question 34

What are the steps for Koch’s postulates? (7)

Answer 34

1) Microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal
2a) The microorganisms are grown in pure culture
2b) The microorganisms are identified
3) The microorganisms are injected into a healthy laboratory animal
4) Disease is reproduced in a laboratory animal
5a) The microorganisms are isolated from this animal and grown in pure culture
5b) Microorganisms are identified

Question 35

What did they discover in Koch’s postulates?

Answer 35

That the microorganisms from the diseased host caused the same disease in the lab hosts

Question 36

What is Koch’s postulates used for?

Answer 36

To prove the cause of an infectious disease