Midterm 2 - Notes 2 (Part 2) Flashcards
What are phylogenetic trees?
Tress that group organisms according to common properties
- fossils and genomes
- each species retains some characteristics of its ancestors
Binomial nomenclature
Is used worldwide to consistently accurately name organisms
Taxonomic hierarchy
A series of sub-divisions developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals
Eukaryotic species
A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves
Prokaryotic species
A population of cells with similar characteristics
Culture
Bacteria grown in laboratory media
Clone
Population of cells derived from a single parent cell
Stain
Genetically different cells within a clone
Protista
A catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic
- grouped into clades based on rRNA
Fungi
Chemo-heterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments
Plantae
Multicellular; cellulose; no cell walls; undergo photosynthesis
Animalia
Multicellular; no cell walls, chemo-heterotrophic
What domain do viruses belong to?
NONE
What do viruses require?
Host cells
Viral species
Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niches
Classification
Placing organisms in groups of related species
Identification
Matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to list of known organisms
- clinical lab identification
What is the purpose of Bergey’s Manual?
It provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea
What are lab requisition forms used for?
Used to note types of specimens collected and tests to be conducted
What is transport media used for?
Used to collect and transport pathogens to a lab
What are morphological characteristics useful for?
Useful for identifying eukaryotes
- they tell a little about phylogenetic relationships
What is differential staining?
It is gram staining
- acid fast staining
What is differential staining not useful with?
Bacteria that has goes without a cell wall
What do biochemical tests do?
They determine the presence of bacterial enzymes
What is a benefit of rapid identification methods?
They perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
Serology
The science that studies serum and immune responses in serum
What are microorganisms?
Antigenic
- they stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum
What happens in an antiserum?
A solution of antibodies are tested against an unknown bacteria
What happens in the slide agglutinaiton test?
Bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria
What can serological testing do?
It can differentiate between species and strains within species
ELISA
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
What can ELISA do?
It takes known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium and adds them together in a well and the reaction identifies the unknown bacteria
What does western blotting do?
It identifies antibodies in a patients serum
Serum
An amber- coloured, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates
What are the 4 phases of ELISA?
- Antibody is absorbed to the well
- Patient sample is added; complementary antigen binds to antibody
- Enzyme-linked antibody specific for test antigen is added and binds to antigen, forming a sandwich
- Enzyme’s substate is added, and reaction produces a product that causes a visible colour change
