Lecture 4 Notes (Part 1) Flashcards
What did the book by WiIlliam McNeil, written in 1975 argue?
The infectious diseases have often been very important in the unfolding of historical events
What type of approach was used to show the impact of infectious disease regionally and globally?
Global historical approach
What was William McNeil one of the first to look at?
General historic patterns and how they were realted
What was the time frame for paleolithic?
2.6my - 10,000bp
How long ago was the herpes virus?
1-2 million years ago
What was the time frame for neolithic?
10,000bp
What era did glaciation end?
Neolithic
What was the time frame for first civilizations?
5,000 bp
Who kept records of epidemic diseases? (3)
- Greek
- Roman
- Byzantium
City states with increase density population allowed what to continue?
Transmission of childhood diseases like measles and mumps
What was the time frame for the middle ages?
5th-14th century
What started in 1348 in Central Asia and spread into Europe?
Black death pandemic
What happened in the 10th century? (2)
- Razes described the difference between measles and smallpox
- Suggesting ways of treating smallpox that may have formed the basis for smallpox inoculation
What was a major disease in 18th century Europe?
Smallpox
What were newtonians generally supportive of?
Quantitative approach to the disease
Inoculation
To treat with a vaccine
Who was a key figure in the study of smallpox epidemics?
James Jurin (1684 - 1750)
What did James Jurin provide the basis of through his study of smallpox inoculation?
Epidemiology
What did James Jurin conclude about the death rate?
That the death rate was 1 in 6 cases with natural smallpox but 1 in 48 to 1 in 60 cases with inoculated (artificial) smallpox
Where was the first clinical study ran?
Ran over several years in England in a hospital built specifically for the treatment of smallpox
What did Bernouilli write about? (2)
- Probability
2. Smallpox inoculation
What did D’Alembert do?
Raised the ethical problem associated with with a purely mathematical evaluation of risk with inoculation
What happened to vaccines during the industrial revolution?
Increased the output in the production
- allowed for the development of large scale vaccination
Who was involved during the scientific revolution? (5)
- Pasteur
- Koch
- Beijerinck
- Winogradsky
- Hansen
What happened during 1948-1950?
Development of the first eukaryotic cell
What happened in 1928-1945?
The discovery of first antibiotic
- penicillin
What happened in 1960?
Miller discovered the difference between B and T lymphocytes
What happened in 1968?
Resolution adopted by WHO for worldwide eradication of smallpox
When was the last documented case of smallpox?
1980
What do historical documents indicate?
Many epidemics and pandemics occurred in the past
What are 2 good examples of historical documents of past epidemic events?
- Plague of Athens
2. Medieval Bubonic plague
What was Thucydides book about?
A war between Athens and Sparta that lasted between -431 and -404
Where was the origin of the plague disease? And where did it spread to?
- Ethiopia
2. Egypt, Libya and then Persia
What are 7 symptoms of the plague?
- Heat, headache, redness + inflammation of eyes, bloody throat and tongue, unnatural breath
- Sneezing and hoarseness, chest pain, hard cough
- Vomiting, violent spasms
- Reddish, livid body with pustulates and ulcera
- Internal burning feeling, unquenchable thirst
- Death after 7-8 days in most cases
- Violent bowel ulcerations, severe diarrhoea, left mark on extremities, loss of memory
What did Thucydides say about natural immunity?
He said that once you got the disease you would not get it twice
- made them feel like superheroes if they were able to survive
