Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 1) Flashcards
Sporadic disease
Disease that occurs only occasionally
Endemic disease
Disease constantly present in a population
Epidemic disease
Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
Pandemic disease
Worldwide epidemic
- based on a larger scale
Acute disease
Symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only for a short amount of time
What is an example of an acute disease?
Hepatitis A
Chronic disease
Symptoms develop slowly
- infection with persistence that doesn’t have symptoms but can have very serious effects
What is an example of a chronic disease?
Hepatitis C
What can a chronic disease lead to?
Liver cancer
Subacute disease
Intermediate between acute and chronic diseases
What is an example of subacute disease?
Infections of the heart
What are an examples of infections of the heart?
Straptococcus viradans
Latent disease
Causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
What is an example of a latent disease?
TB
Herd immunity
Immunity in most of a population
- the majority of the people who are immune to the disease
What do vaccines help to do?
They act as a shield from spreading the disease
Local infection
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
What can local infections be treated with?
Antibiotics
Systemic (generalized) infection
An infection throughout the body
- can potentially be problematic
Focal infection
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
What are 3 examples of a focal infection?
- Staphylococcus aureas
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus group A
What is staphylococcus aureas?
It is a staph infection
- causes boils from skin and soft tissues
What is streptococcus pyogenes?
Skin infection
Sepsis
Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria of their toxins, from a focus of infection
Bacteremia
Bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
Growth of bacteria in the blood
What is septicemia also known as?
Blood poisoning
What does septicemia need to be treated with?
Antibiotics
Toxemia
Toxins in the blood
Viremia
Viruses in the blood
Primary infection
Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Secondary infection
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing infection)
Subclinical infection
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
What are 11 predisposing factors for infection?
- Gender
- Inherited traits
- Climate and weather
- Fatigue
- Age
- Lifestyle
- Nutrition
- Chemotherapy
- Human reservoirs
- Animal reservoirs
- Non living reservoirs
What infection are females more susceptible to than males?
UTI
What are 2 examples of an inherited trait?
- Sickle cell gene
2. Nramp 1
Hantavirus
Is a lung infection that is transmitted by rodents
- the temp is what controls the abundance of the rodents which effects how effectively the disease gets spread around
What does fatigue effect?
The readiness of the immune system
Incubation period
Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
Prodromal period
Short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms
Period of illness
Disease is most sever here
Period of decline
Signs and symptoms subside
Period of convalescene
Body returns to its pre diseased state
- still a carrier and could potentially be a source of infection for someone else
Human reservoirs
Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
Animal reservoirs
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
Non-living reservoirs (3)
- Soil
- Water (eg. e.coli outbreaks with water)
- Food (eg. maple leaf and chicken outbreak)
–> important sources of pathogens
What are 3 types of contact transmission?
- Direct contact transmission
- Indirect contact transmission
- Droplet transmission
Direct contact transmission
Requires close association between the infected and the susceptible host
What is an example of direct contact transmission?
Hugging (direct contact)
Indirect contact transmission
Spreads to a host by a non-living agent called a fomite
What is an example of indirect contact transmission?
Needles
Droplet transmission
Transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter
What is an example of a droplet transmission?
Sneezing
Vehicle transmission
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir
- food borne
- water borne
- airborne
What is an example of a food borne disease?
Campylobacteriosis
- comes from chickens
- most common symptom = diarrhea
