Midsem 2019

Question 1

Define the term glottis:

Answer 1

The glottis refers to the entire vocal apparatus including the vocal folds + arytenoid cartilages + Rima glottidis. The rima glottidis is the diamond shaped orifice (the opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx). The main function of the glottis is to prevent food and water entering the trachea (the epiglottis only has a very small role in this).

Question 2

Define the term hippocampus:

Answer 2

Located in the deep telencephalon. The hippocampus forms a major component of the limbic system involved in the emotions of aggression and fear, emotionally conditioned behaviour and also short-term memory processing.

Question 3

Define the term tarsal gland:

Answer 3

Refers to the sebaceous glands located in the upper eyelid. Located posteriorly to the eyelid (more posterior to the tarsal cartilage and orbicularis oculi must but more anterior than the palpebral conjunctive). The main function is that it waterproofs the upper eyelid that will prevent it from weeping, the second main function is that it will

Question 4

Define the term parotid duct:

Answer 4

The parotid gland goes from the parotid gland to the mouth, running over the masseter muscle in-between the ventral and dorsal buccal facial nerves. The parotid duct only carries serous secretions.

Question 5

Define the term auditory tube

Answer 5

The auditory tube runs from the pharynx all the way to the middle ear. This ensures and air supply for the middle ear. In horses has a diverticulum that forms a large pouch called the Eustachian pouch.

Question 6

Define the term piriform recess:

Answer 6

Cavities located either side of the epiglottis. Defined laterally by the medially by aryepiglottic folds and laterally by the thyroid cartilage. Allows for the deflection of food and water so it does not enter the larynx.

Question 7

Describe the pathway of tear production:

Answer 7

Tear production occurs by the lacrimal and the nictitians gland (60:40), and then travels through the upper and lower lacrimal puncta through the lacrimal caliculi then to the lacrymal sac and then through the nasolacrimal duct to the nose.

Question 8

What is meant by the term laryngeal hemiplasia?

Answer 8

• Lamen’s term’s = roaring because of the sound that it will make
• More commonly affects the LRLN (more. Venerable because it is the longer side) - degeneration, trauma, surgery
• Results in atrophy of the dorsal arytenoid muscle- flapper arytenoid muscle fails to abduct
• Results in a severe roaring sound
• Various treatments are available including prosthetic laryngoplasty (‘tieback’)