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Jason's GI Block > Microbiota 2 > Flashcards

Microbiota 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 effects microbiota have on mucous layer?

A

direct: block binding sites
indirect: interact with pattern recognition receptors on enterocytes

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2
Q

microbiota interact with pattern recognition receptors on enterocytes to do what?

A

down-regulate

develop tolerance for TLR2, 4

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3
Q

PAMPS from microbiota stim 4 main things on mucous/gut epithelium

A

stims mucin production
prolif of crypt/Paneth cells
stims antimicrobial peptides
induce regulatory cytokines

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4
Q

SCFAs inhibit what in mucous/gut epithelium?

A

inflamm cytokines

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5
Q

IL-22 after PAMP interaction does what?

A

promotes epithelial barrier integrity

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6
Q

When do Peyer’s patches vs. mesenteric lymph nodes develop?

A

Peyer’s patches : prenatally

mesenteric lymph nodes: post natally

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7
Q

what happens to Peyers patches after vaginal birth?

A

enlarges

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8
Q

how do you get IgA production in gut?

A

from B-cells induced by microbiota

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9
Q

do germ free mice have MAIT cells?

A

nope

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10
Q

lymphocyte subset development’s end goal is to do what?

A

so it can respond differently to normal microbiota and pathogens

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11
Q

normal microbiota causes what kind of inflamm?

A

physiological inflamm without damage

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12
Q

pathogens induce what kind of inflamm

A

damaging pathological inflamm

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13
Q

How does epithelium PRR detect invasion?

A

TLR5 at basolateral surface

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14
Q

how do epithelium PRR detect friend from foe?

A

‘senses’ commensals at luminal edge rather than pathogens at the epithelial surface

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15
Q

what does it mean if you have inflammasome signalling and weak TLR binding?

A

could be a pathogen trying to get in!

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16
Q

what id dysbiosis?

A

altered normal microbiota

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17
Q

what is involved with kwashiokor?

A

gut microbiota

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18
Q

what was the Malawian twin kwashiokor study results telling us?

A

the one with kwashiokor couldn’t recover the gut microbiota even after therapeutic diet

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19
Q

what happened to mice fed kwashiorkor diet?

A

lost weight, microbiome changed couldn’t recover even most therapeutic diet

20
Q

why couldn’t the microbiome recover post kwashiorkor? and cause undernutrition?

A

kwashiorkor microbiota made chemicals that selectively inhibited TCA cycle enzymes affecting energy metabolism

21
Q

obese people’s microbiome are what?

A

less diverse

22
Q

DMII people have what kind of microbiome?

A

altered, less diverse

23
Q

less diverse microbiome = ?

A

higher levels of insulin resistance
serum triglycerides
cholesterol

24
Q

if you transfer obesity microbiome between animals what happens?

A

the lean animal become obese!!

25
Q

lean subjects have more what with obesity associated inflammation?

A

T-regs

26
Q

what is increased in inflammation in obese mice?

A

Bifidobacteria

27
Q

obesity changes 3 things in gut microbiota

A

altered composition
altered fermentation
increased energy harvest

28
Q

inflammatory bowel disease and microflora, describe

A

elevated immune responses
decreased diversity
increased intestinal permeability

29
Q

diet, antibiotic and appendectomy does what to microbiota?

A

reduces diversity

30
Q

how are microbiota involved with allergies?

A

seems to be less diversity in infants leads to more allergies

31
Q

intestinal microbiota and infectious disease are related how? 3 ways

A

spread of resistance genes
infections at extra-intestinal sites
gut infections

32
Q

microbiota that escape GIT cause?

A

UTIs, resp, wound infections

usually need abnormal host

33
Q

C.Diff can cause what?

A

pseudomembranous colitis

34
Q

microbiota if altered could render you more susceptible to what bug?

A

salmonella or other pathogens

overgrowth of other commensals

35
Q

C.Diff stats:

A

gram +ve
anerobic
spore forming
rod

36
Q

when does C.Diff happen?

A

overgrows when gut microbiota altered via drugs etc.

37
Q

what does C.Diff do to you?

A

adheres to mucosal epithelium, produces toxins

inflamm/bowel necrosis

38
Q

C.Diff big problem where?

A

in hospitals: hypervirulent, resistant strains

39
Q

how to treat C.Diff ?

A

more antibiotics!

Metronidozole +- vancomycin

40
Q

who has 4x greater risk of recurrent C.Diff infection?

A

appendectomy

41
Q

how do the microbiota of people with recurrent C.diff look?

A

reduced diversity

hardly any bacteroides

42
Q

how to treat C. Diff pseudomembranous colitis?

A

bacteriotherapy i.e.. fecal transplant

43
Q

success rate of bacteriotherapy?

A

91-98% success rate

44
Q

Pre and Probiotics beneficial?

A

jury’s still out on that one.

may help with recovery from darrhoeas/rotavirus

45
Q

2 forms of experimental systems to test microbiota interventions?

A

twins studies

germ free mice

Jason's GI Block (32 decks)

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