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Jason's GI Block > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a functional disorder?

A

looks ok, doesn’t work well

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2
Q

frequency of birth defect?

A

1:33 (live births only)

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3
Q

what is the most common birth defect? frequency?

A

heart defect 1:200

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4
Q

what is the second most common birth defect? frequency?

A

hypospadias male only

1:300

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5
Q

how many cells is a morula?

A

16

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6
Q

whats the diference between a blastocyst and blastocoele?

A

blastocoele has a cavity

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7
Q

blastocyst has two types of cells?

A

outer trophoblast

inner cell mass

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8
Q

What does the trophoblast form?

A

placenta

extraembryonic structures

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9
Q

when does the blastocyst implant?

A

between 5-10 days

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10
Q

inner cell mass splits to?

A

epiblast

hypoblast

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11
Q

epiblast of hypoblast becomes the embryo?

A

epiblast

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12
Q

what is gastrulation, where does it form?

A

epiblast’s formation of the 3 germ layers

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13
Q

what layer does the lungs come from?

A

endoderm

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14
Q

what layer does the heart come from?

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

what layer does the pancreas/liver come from?

A

endoderm

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16
Q

T/F? notochord comes from ectoderm?

A

Nope. mesoderm

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17
Q

what’s the purpose of notochord?

A

induces ectoderm above it to form neural plate

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18
Q

What forms neural crest?

A

cells at top of neural tube

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19
Q

are the neural tube cells mobile?

A

yes, migrate away from wide range of structures

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20
Q

melanocytes and dentine come from which tissue?

A

neural crest derivative

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21
Q

most of the face comes from mesoderm?

A

Nope. neural crest

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22
Q

example of neural crest defect?

A

cleft palate

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23
Q

dermis comes from which germ layer?

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

pleura peritoneum pericardium comes from which germ layer?

A

mesoderm

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25
Q

whats the opposite of epithelial?

A

mesenchymal

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26
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

loose freely moving with Ct inbetween cells

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27
Q

urogenital tract comes from which germ layer??

A

mesoderm

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28
Q

3 areas of mesoderm?

A

paraxial (medial)
intermediate
lateral

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29
Q

paraxial mesoderm forms what 3 things?

A

dermis of skin
axial skeleton
limb muscles

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30
Q

intermediate mesoderm forms?

A

urogenital system

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31
Q

lateral mesoderm forms?

A

heart

wall of gut/respiratory tissues

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32
Q

what are somites? which germ layer do they come from?

A

mesoderm

swellings down paraxial mesoderm

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33
Q

what is a somitomere?

A

pro-somite

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34
Q

which pair do semitomere becomes independent somite?

A

8th pair

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35
Q

somite splits into 2 things?

A

sclerotome (axial skeleton)

dermomyotome

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36
Q

dermomyotome splits into?

A

dermatome

myotome

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37
Q

where does the axial skeleton come from? vs. appendicular skeleton?

A

aial: sclerotome
appendicular: lateral plate

38
Q

human ‘gills’ are called?

A

pharyngeal arches

39
Q

pharyngeal arches become?

A

jaw, face, ear, throat structures and glands

40
Q

when do limbs grow? what layer initates them?

A

end of 4 week

initiated by mesoderm

41
Q

limb field is what?

A

patch of mesoderm to make a free limb

42
Q

if remove whole patch vs. part of it?

A

whole=no limb

part of patch = compensation

43
Q

transplant free limb patch?

A

ectopic limb

44
Q

How thick is the ectoderm overlying limb bud? why is it significant?

A

one cell thick

easy to damage or split resulting in diplopodia or other defects

45
Q

how are digits developed?

A

hands and feet start as discs, sculpted by apoptosis

46
Q

what is syndactyly?

A

fused fingers

47
Q

what is the most common congenital limb abnormality? frequency?

A

congenital hip dislocation due to malformed acetabulum

1:500

48
Q

What is amelia? meromelia? caused by?

A

absent or reduced limbs. Thalidomide

49
Q

what forms the epithelial lining of liver, pancreas?

A

ENDODERM!

50
Q

What is the Coelom?

A

holds the viscera

51
Q

Where does coelom come from?

A

split in lateral mesoderm

52
Q

what does the lateral mesoderm divide into? what do the two become?

A

splanchnic mesoderm: viscera

somatic mesoderm: muscle

53
Q

describe the folding formation of the coelom?

A

pulls toether like a bag pull string in 3D

54
Q

Where does the lumen of gut come from?

A

pinched off from the yolk sac during the coelom folding (tube within a tube)

55
Q

what is the stomodeum?

proctodeum?

A

membrane covering future mouth and anus

56
Q

ectoderm meets endoderm when what happens to the oral plate?

A

when it breaks = oral cavity

57
Q

what is the cloacal membrane?

A

anus seal where ectoderm and endoderm meet

58
Q

What is the allantois?

A

in body stalk, used to be nitrogenous waste storage in animals

59
Q

what is between allantois and hind gut? what does it do?

A

urorectal septum that divides rectum from urogenital tract

60
Q

what gives rise to bladder and urogenital tract?

A

allantois

61
Q

how many pharyngeal pouches form?

A

4

62
Q

where does most of the heart come from?

A

lateral splanchnic mesoderm

63
Q

how is the heart developed?

A

from two endocardial tubes fused together

64
Q

how do you get 4 chambers of heart in embryo?

A

folding of two fused tube

65
Q

where does heart muscle comes from? germ layer.

A

mesoderm

66
Q

what’s the most common congenital heart defect?

A

ventricular septal defects

67
Q

congenital heart defect issue in utero?

A

Nope. usually immediately post birth

68
Q

does the foramen ovale allow left to righ flow of blood?

A

No. it shouldn’t

69
Q

Foregut supplied by?

A

coeliac artery

70
Q

midgut supplied by?

A

superior mesenteric

71
Q

hindgut supplied by?

A

inferior mesenteric

72
Q

describe GIT growth pattern.

A

lengthens>haipin rotate around axis>elongation>more folding>herniation of GIT

73
Q

When does herniaion of GIT happen?

A

week 6-7

74
Q

When does GIT retract back into cavity?

A

week 9

75
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

no retraction of herniation of GIT

76
Q

retraction but failure to seal wall is?

A

umbilical hernia

77
Q

frequency of omphalocoele?

A

1:25 000

78
Q

viscera comes from which germ layers?

A

initially endoderm which interacts with mesoderm

79
Q

Situs invertus frequency?

A

1: 10 000

80
Q

What determines left and right in blastocyst?

A

via primitive groove and cilia that generate right to left current

81
Q

If cilia in primitive node don’t work, are you guaranteed to get situs invertus?

A

Nope 50/50 change

82
Q

intermediate mesoderm forms what system?

A

urogenital system

83
Q

genital or urinary system forms first?

A

urinary

84
Q

what are the 3 kinds of kidneys that develop?

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

85
Q

kidney from which germ layer?

A

mesoderm

86
Q

what happens to mesonephric duct in males?

A

reused and attaches to testes to become the vas deferens

87
Q

kidneys migrate from where to where?

A

inferior to superior

88
Q

ureters start off where?

A

mesonephros at bladder

89
Q

penis forms by fusion of?

A

urogenital folds

90
Q

what happens when urogenital folds don’t fuse completely?

A

hypospadiasis: urethra at base of penis

91
Q

all major organogenesis complete by?

A

3 months: first trimester

Jason's GI Block (32 decks)

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