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Jason's GI Block > Energy Balance/Surgical Anatomy > Flashcards

Energy Balance/Surgical Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of energy for basal metabolism?

A

65-75%

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2
Q

What percentage of energy for activity?

A

10-15%

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3
Q

What percentage of energy for thermogenesis?

A

15-20%

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4
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring energy expenditure?

A

double labeled water
O2-18 lost as water and CO2
deuterium is ONLY water lost

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5
Q

what happened to rats who were force fed then stopped and allowed to eat normally?

A

lost weight back to ‘set point’

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6
Q

MC4 Receptor deletion in mice does what?

A

obese mice

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7
Q

what happens with increase energy intake?

A

more energy expenditure like fidgiting

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8
Q

eating is modulated by what centre?

A

pleasure centres

hypothalamus

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9
Q

What does cocaine and amphetamine do to appetite?

A

inhibit

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10
Q

What happened to mice with deleted orexin when they tested for hunger?

A

mice had narcolepsy

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11
Q

What does aMSH do to appetite besides maing you pigmented?

A

inhibits appetite

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12
Q

what happens to appetite when you damage the hypothalamus with a tumour removal for example?

A

could develop uncontrolled hunger: hypothalamic obesity

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13
Q

hypothalamic weight regulating mechanism responds to 3 tings:

A

higher coritcal centres
size of fat stores
food in gut

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14
Q

When ob mouse was attached to control what happened?

A

control mouse’s leptin came in and made ob mouse skinny

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15
Q

leptin receptor mutation does what to attached control mouse?

A

the excess leptin from the diabetic mouse went into control and died cause of no appetite

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16
Q

leptin synthesized by which cells?

A

adipocytes

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17
Q

where is leptin brain receptor?

A

choroid plexus

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18
Q

Leptin signals what?

A

size of fat stores

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19
Q

more fat in the cell = more/less leptin released?

A

more

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20
Q

will you always lose weight if you give more leptin?

A

not necessarily, could have leptin resistance from polymorphisms

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21
Q

insulin is long or short term?

A

long term

22
Q

insulin in brain =

A

weight loss

23
Q

insulin in body =

A

makes you hungry/gain weight

24
Q

is liver sensitive to insulin?

A

yes, VERY.

25
Q

glucose metabolism inhibits or enhances food intake?

A

inhibits

26
Q

what do long chain fatty acids-CoA (LCFA-CoA) do?

A

inhibit food intake

27
Q

Malonyl-CoA does what?

A

inhibits CPT1 which is needed for LCFA-CoA metabolism so you gain weight

28
Q

obesity: how much is genes? how much is environment?

A

70% genes

30% environment

29
Q

Common hormone mutation problems for obesity? 3 things

A

Leptin deficiency
Leptin receptor/signalling
decreases MSH

30
Q

does diet early in life affect obesity in future?

A

YES. children get imprinted with high or low energy diet and even if they get healthy diet later, they will gain weight

31
Q

3 likely endocrine causes of weight loss:

A

DM1
thyrotoxicosis
addison’s Disease (cortisol lack)

32
Q

4 GI causes of weight loss:

A

chronic pancreatitis
CF
inflammatory bowel
parasitic infection

33
Q

4 infective causes of weight loss?

A

TB
subacute bacterial endocarditis
amoebic abscess
HIV

34
Q

5 malignant causes of weight loss:

A 
bowel
pancreas
liver
lymphoma
leukaemia
35
Q

Anorexia Nervosa onset is when?

A

before 25

36
Q

Hallmark of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

distorted body image

37
Q

4 medical complications of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

amenorrhoea
lanugo hair
bradycardia
anaemia

38
Q

serotonin 1D and opioid delta receptor on chromosome 1 linked to?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

39
Q

5-HT2A receptor is linked to?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

40
Q

one study concluded ___% of variance in liability to Anorexia Nervosa could be genes.

A

80%

41
Q

sliding hernia is?

A

part of stomach above diaphragm

42
Q

what is rolling paraesophageal hernia?

A

sphincter intact, part of side of stomach above diaphragm

43
Q

what is volvulus hernia?

A

twisted stomach

44
Q

what is achalasia?

A

lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax due to abnormal peristalsis

45
Q

2 things that cause small bowel obstruction?

A

adhesions

herniae

46
Q

what is ileal pouch operation?

A

small bowel is connected to rectum after removal of colon

47
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

congenital small intestine bulge: vestige of yolk stalk: 2% of pop

48
Q

how many people will get colorectal cancer?

A

1:20

49
Q

ventral herniae usually cause by?

A

incisional

underlying viscera due to bowel obstruction/strangulation

50
Q

two types of groin herniae:

A

inguinal: direct/indirect more men
femoral: high risk more women

Jason's GI Block (32 decks)

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