Energy Balance/Surgical Anatomy

Question 1

What percentage of energy for basal metabolism?

Answer 1

65-75%

Question 2

What percentage of energy for activity?

Answer 2

10-15%

Question 3

What percentage of energy for thermogenesis?

Answer 3

15-20%

Question 4

What is the gold standard for measuring energy expenditure?

Answer 4

double labeled water
O2-18 lost as water and CO2
deuterium is ONLY water lost

Question 5

what happened to rats who were force fed then stopped and allowed to eat normally?

Answer 5

lost weight back to ‘set point’

Question 6

MC4 Receptor deletion in mice does what?

Answer 6

obese mice

Question 7

what happens with increase energy intake?

Answer 7

more energy expenditure like fidgiting

Question 8

eating is modulated by what centre?

Answer 8

pleasure centres

hypothalamus

Question 9

What does cocaine and amphetamine do to appetite?

Answer 9

inhibit

Question 10

What happened to mice with deleted orexin when they tested for hunger?

Answer 10

mice had narcolepsy

Question 11

What does aMSH do to appetite besides maing you pigmented?

Answer 11

inhibits appetite

Question 12

what happens to appetite when you damage the hypothalamus with a tumour removal for example?

Answer 12

could develop uncontrolled hunger: hypothalamic obesity

Question 13

hypothalamic weight regulating mechanism responds to 3 tings:

Answer 13

higher coritcal centres
size of fat stores
food in gut

Question 14

When ob mouse was attached to control what happened?

Answer 14

control mouse’s leptin came in and made ob mouse skinny

Question 15

leptin receptor mutation does what to attached control mouse?

Answer 15

the excess leptin from the diabetic mouse went into control and died cause of no appetite

Question 16

leptin synthesized by which cells?

Answer 16

adipocytes

Question 17

where is leptin brain receptor?

Answer 17

choroid plexus

Question 18

Leptin signals what?

Answer 18

size of fat stores

Question 19

more fat in the cell = more/less leptin released?

Answer 19

more

Question 20

will you always lose weight if you give more leptin?

Answer 20

not necessarily, could have leptin resistance from polymorphisms

Question 21

insulin is long or short term?

Answer 21

long term

Question 22

insulin in brain =

Answer 22

weight loss

Question 23

insulin in body =

Answer 23

makes you hungry/gain weight

Question 24

is liver sensitive to insulin?

Answer 24

yes, VERY.

Question 25

glucose metabolism inhibits or enhances food intake?

Answer 25

inhibits

Question 26

what do long chain fatty acids-CoA (LCFA-CoA) do?

Answer 26

inhibit food intake

Question 27

Malonyl-CoA does what?

Answer 27

inhibits CPT1 which is needed for LCFA-CoA metabolism so you gain weight

Question 28

obesity: how much is genes? how much is environment?

Answer 28

70% genes | 30% environment

Question 29

Common hormone mutation problems for obesity? 3 things

Answer 29

Leptin deficiency Leptin receptor/signalling decreases MSH

Question 30

does diet early in life affect obesity in future?

Answer 30

YES. children get imprinted with high or low energy diet and even if they get healthy diet later, they will gain weight

Question 31

3 likely endocrine causes of weight loss:

Answer 31

DM1 thyrotoxicosis addison's Disease (cortisol lack)

Question 32

4 GI causes of weight loss:

Answer 32

chronic pancreatitis CF inflammatory bowel parasitic infection

Question 33

4 infective causes of weight loss?

Answer 33

TB subacute bacterial endocarditis amoebic abscess HIV

Question 34

5 malignant causes of weight loss:

Answer 34

``` bowel pancreas liver lymphoma leukaemia ```

Question 35

Anorexia Nervosa onset is when?

Answer 35

before 25

Question 36

Hallmark of Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 36

distorted body image

Question 37

4 medical complications of Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 37

amenorrhoea lanugo hair bradycardia anaemia

Question 38

serotonin 1D and opioid delta receptor on chromosome 1 linked to?

Answer 38

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 39

5-HT2A receptor is linked to?

Answer 39

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 40

one study concluded ___% of variance in liability to Anorexia Nervosa could be genes.

Answer 40

80%

Question 41

sliding hernia is?

Answer 41

part of stomach above diaphragm

Question 42

what is rolling paraesophageal hernia?

Answer 42

sphincter intact, part of side of stomach above diaphragm

Question 43

what is volvulus hernia?

Answer 43

twisted stomach

Question 44

what is achalasia?

Answer 44

lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax due to abnormal peristalsis

Question 45

2 things that cause small bowel obstruction?

Answer 45

adhesions | herniae

Question 46

what is ileal pouch operation?

Answer 46

small bowel is connected to rectum after removal of colon

Question 47

What is Meckel's diverticulum?

Answer 47

congenital small intestine bulge: vestige of yolk stalk: 2% of pop

Question 48

how many people will get colorectal cancer?

Answer 48

1:20

Question 49

ventral herniae usually cause by?

Answer 49

incisional | underlying viscera due to bowel obstruction/strangulation

Question 50

two types of groin herniae:

Answer 50

inguinal: direct/indirect more men femoral: high risk more women