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Jason's GI Block > GI Histology > Flashcards

GI Histology Flashcards

1
Q

2 less known functions of GI:

A

Secretion and Protection

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2
Q

5 main functions of GI?

A 
Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Movement
Protection
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3
Q

4 common structural features of GIT? and 2 ‘other’ features

A

mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

Neurons
Immune cells

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4
Q

Which GIT structural layer is most diverse in cells?

A

mucosa

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers within the GIT Mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

How often are mucosal epithelium renewed? How?

A

every 5-6 days via local stem cells

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7
Q

Types of mucosal epithelium cells are usually?

A

columnar (enterocytes)
stratified squamous
endocrine

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8
Q

What is contained in the lamina propria of GIT mucosa? 4 things.

A

CT
nerves
small blood vessels
immune cells

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9
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae do?

A

thin layer of muscle marks the mucosal layer boundary, used for mixing

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10
Q

What kind of cells are usually barrier and found in esophagus/anal canal?

A

stratified squamous

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11
Q

What kind of cells are usually secretory in GIT? where predominantly?

A

stomach, gastric glands

large intestine: tubular glands

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12
Q

What kind of cells are usually absorptive? where?

A

small intestine. columnar epithelium

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13
Q

What’s the purpose of the submucosa connective tissue?

A

strength and elasticity

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14
Q

describe the submucosa connective tissue

A

dense, irregular

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15
Q

Can you see small ganglia in the submucosa usually?

A

Hard to see without special stains

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16
Q

Are there glands and immune cells, blood vessels in submucosa?

A

yes.

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17
Q

Which is stronger: muscularis externa? muscularis mucosae?

A

muscularis externa

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18
Q

how many layers usually for muscularis externa?

A

2

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19
Q

what are the two layers of muscularis externa? what do they do?

A 
inner circumferential (narrowing)
outer longitudinal (sqeezing)
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20
Q

what and where are the ganglia called within the muscularis externa?

A

myenteric ganglia found between inner and outer layer

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21
Q

What does GI serosa do? what kind of cells? why?

A

secretes fluid
simple squamous
allows organ movement

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22
Q

is there adventitia along the entire GIT? where? purpose?

A

Nope. in parts of esophagus and rectum

CT to join with surrounding structures

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23
Q

ENS is part of which system?

A

autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

What does ENS regulate?

A

Absorption secretion

smooth muscle activity

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25
Q

What does myenteric ganglia regulate?

A

smooth muscle activity

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26
Q

What does submucous ganglia regulate?

A

absorption, secretion

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27
Q

What kind of nerves are found in the ENS ganglia?

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

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28
Q

swallowing reflex does what?

A

propulsion of bolus

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29
Q

what kind of epithelium in esophagus?

A

non-keratinised squamous

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30
Q

two muscle types in esophagus? where? how controlled?

A

Top: striated (voluntary)
Bottom: Smooth (involuntary)

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31
Q

What kind of change between esophagus and stomach?

A

abrupt functional change in epithelium: squamous to glands

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32
Q

describe the 3rd external muscle of the stomach:

A

oblique layer, varies

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33
Q

4 kinds of cells you can find in a gastric gland? What do they secrete?

A

Mucous cells
Parietal cells (HCl)
Chief (pepsinogen)
Enteroendocrine (gastrin Hormone)

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34
Q

Small intestine absorbs ___% of digestion products?

A

85%

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35
Q

Are there immune cells in the small intestine?

A

yes

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36
Q

Name the surface area increasing structures of the small intestine:

A

plica circulares
villi
microvilli

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37
Q

What are the spaces between villi called? purpose?

A

crypt of Lieberkuhn

secrete fluid and mucus

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38
Q

Why have muscularis mucosae in the small intestine?

A

moves villi to improve mixing of contents

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39
Q

where does the lamina propria of the small intestine go?

A

CT extends into core of each villus

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40
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of the small intestine?

A

muscularis mucosae
blood, lymph vessels
immune cells

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41
Q

What are the clear cells seen on the villi?

A

goblet cells

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42
Q

What are Paneth cells for? where are they?

A

secrete antimicrobial peptides

found deep in glands

43
Q

THE distinctive histological feature of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s Glands

44
Q

Describe Brunner’s Glands, where and purpose?

A

Highly Coiled
in Submucosa
release alkaline mucus to protect

45
Q

How are the plica circulares and the villi in the duodenum?

A

low plica circulares

long villi

46
Q

What are Peyer’s patches? where are they found?

A

ileum

aggregates of lymphoid follicles

47
Q

Describe the villi and amount of goblet cells in the ileum

A

short villi

lots of goblet cells

48
Q

describe Muscularis externa in large intestine.

A

3 bundles called taeniae coli

49
Q

3 regions of large intestine?

A

colon
rectum
anal canal

50
Q

immune cells in large intestine?

A

yes

51
Q

area with most goblet cells in colon
rectum
anal canal?

A

rectum

52
Q

Large intestine mucosa have villi?

A

Nope

53
Q

describe glands of Large intestine mucosa, what kind of cells?

A

straight tubular

columnar epithelium

54
Q

More goblet cells in large or small intestine?

A

large intestine

55
Q

Describe rectum to anal mucosa transitional zone.

A

abrupt again

glandular to squamous stratified

56
Q

what is the largest solid gland in the body?

A

liver

57
Q

6 primary functions of liver

A 
glucose regulation (glycogen)
lipid metabolism (cholesterol)
absorption of fats into bile
protein synthesis
storage of iron/vitamins
detoxification
58
Q

liver is 80% what?

A

hepatocytes

59
Q

what are sinusoids?

A

specialized liver capillaries

60
Q

what kind of CT in liver?

A

reticular fibres of Type 1 and III collagen

61
Q

what do the following the hepatocyte do?
the rough ER/golgi
smooth ER

A

Rough: protein synthesis
Smooth: fat/steroid metabolism

62
Q

how many nuclei and mitochondria in hepatocytes?

A

two nuclei

many mitochondria

63
Q

lifespan of a hepatocyte?

A

150 days

64
Q

if liver has extensive damage, how is the regeneration?

A

not same lobular structure, more fibrous

65
Q

can live regenerate from damage from alcohol/hepatitis?

A

if severe, then no

66
Q

how are hepatocytes organized in the liver?

A

in lobules around blood vessels

67
Q

what are the 2 blood supplies to the liver?

A

arterial

hepatic portal system:75%

68
Q

what is the portal ‘triad’. 4 things.

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
bile duct
lymphatics

69
Q

what kind of cells are the bile duct epithelium made of? vs. arterial epithelium?

A

columnar

squamous

70
Q

smooth muscle in the central veins of the liver?

A

not much

71
Q

what converge on the central vein in the liver? then where does it go?

A

sinusoids to hepatic vein > IVC

72
Q

what give rise to sinusoids?

A

vein and artery

73
Q

blood in sinusoids flow where in relation to the lobule?

A

towards the middle of lobule

74
Q

what kind of blood is in sinusoids?

A

mixture
20% oxygenated
80% deoxygenated

75
Q

describe the sinusoids’ size?

A

larger than normal capillaries

76
Q

special features of sinusoids?

A

discontinuous lining
gaps between hepatocytes
microvilli
kupfer cells

77
Q

what are kupfer cells?

A

macrophages on inner walls of sinusoids

78
Q

what is the gap between endothelium and adjacent hepatocyte in sinusoids called?

A

space of Disse

79
Q

what is the space of Disse for?

A

easier to transfer certain nutrients

80
Q

3 models of hepatocyte organization. they are? what are each of their foci?

A
  1. Classic centres around central vein. Focus: BLOOD flow
  2. Portal. Veins in periphery. focus on BILE.
  3. Acinar. Focus: physiological oxygenation.
81
Q

what is the surfactant produced in the liver called?

A

bile salts

82
Q

where is bile synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

83
Q

what are the bile collection channels called?

A

canaliculi

84
Q

what is the direction of flow for bile?

A

outwards to be collected in bile duct within triad

85
Q

focus of acinar lobule model?

A

physiological: O2 saturation/metabolic function

86
Q

portal lobule model focus?

A

bile flow

87
Q

what lobule model focuses on blood flow?

A

classic lobule model

88
Q

what does the gall bladder do to the bile?

A

remove water and salts to concentrate it

89
Q

what controls release of bile into duodenum?

A

sphincter of Oddi

90
Q

what does classic lobule model focus on?

A

Blood Flow

91
Q

Bile flow focus model of lobules called?

A

Portal lobule model

92
Q

what lobule model focuses on physiological [O2] and metabolic function?

A

Acinar Model

93
Q

What hormone controls bile secretion?

A

CCK from fat stim

94
Q

what kind of cells in gall bladder epithelium?

A

simple columnar

95
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

create proenzymes/bicarbonate to be released into duodenum

96
Q

2 areas of pancreatic exocrine cells are? colours on H&E?

A

basal: purple
Lumenal: pink

97
Q

What does the basal and lumenal region of pancreatic exocrine cells each do?

A

basal: rough ER - protein synthesis
lumenal: zymogen granules

98
Q

which part of the pancreatic exocrine cells faces inward towards the central duct?

A

lumenal side

99
Q

what is a acini?

A

balls of cells with a central duct

100
Q

what % of pancreas is endocrine?

A

1-2% of total pancreas volume

101
Q

about how many islets of langerhans are in the pancreas?

A

around 1 million

102
Q

what do islets of langerhans make?

A

insulin

glucagon

103
Q

how is the vascular supply to the islets of langerhans?

A

rich

Jason's GI Block (32 decks)

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