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Step 1 Andre > Microbio > Flashcards

Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

strep viridans

A

inhabitants of oral cavity that can caused bacteremia

  • will adhere to damaged sites, like damaged valves, or fibrin-platelet aggregates at damaged endothelium
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2
Q

borrelia burgdorferi

A

lyme disease

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3
Q

pasteurella multocida

A

GN rod in oral flora of cats and dogs

- rapidly progressive soft tissue infection

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4
Q

sporothrix schenckii

A

cutaneous infections begin as ulcerating papule at site of inoculation and spreads proximally through lymphatics

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5
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

cutaneous infections have toxins that lead to local edema and formation of papule that evolves into painless necrotic wound covered in black eschar

tx: cipro

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6
Q

rickettsia rickettsiae

A

Rocky mountain spotter fever

skin lesions: palmoplantar erythematous macules that migrate centripetally TOWARDS trunk

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7
Q

actinomyces israelii

A

GP organism of normal oral flora
can cause chronic face and neck abscesses c/b cutaneous sinus tracts

tx: IV PCN and surgical debridement

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8
Q

corynebacterium diphtheria produces what toxin … and what action does it have

A

A) diphtheria toxin

B) inactivates EF-2 via ribosylation –> inhibits host protein synthesis

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9
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa produces what toxin … and what action does it have

A

A) exotoxin A

B) inactivates EF-2 via ribosylation –> inhibits host protein synthesis

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10
Q

staphylococcus aereus produces what toxin… and what action does it have (2 of them)

A

A) enterotoxin
B) superantigen that acts in GI tract –> vomiting

A) TSS toxin
B) T-cells –> cytokine storm –> TSS

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11
Q

clostridium difficile produces what toxin … and what action does it have

A

A) cyototoxin B
B) induces actin depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton leading to mucosal death, necrosis of colonic mucosal surfaces w/ fibrin deposition –> pseudomembrane formation

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12
Q

clostridium botulinum produces what toxin … and what action does it have
- 3D’s

A

A) botulinum toxin
B) blocks presynaptic release of Ach @ NMJ –> flaccid paralysis
- diplopia, dysphagia, dysphonia w/in 12-46 hrs

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13
Q

bordetella pertussis produces what toxin… and what action does it have

A

A) pertussis toxin

B) disinhibits AC via Gi GPCR –> increases cAMP–> increased histamine sensitivity and phagocyte dysfunction

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14
Q

vibrio cholerae produces what toxin … and what action does it have

A

A) cholera toxin

B) activates AC via Gs GPCR –> increases cAMP –> secretory diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances

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15
Q

strongyloides stercoralis

A

human parasitic roundworm “threadworm”

  • lives in mucosa of small intestine
  • filariform larva is infectious
  • rabditoide larva is not, but that’s the one in feces
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16
Q

schistosoma haematobium

A

urinary schistosomiasis

freshwater snails in North Africa, Sub-Sahra, Middle east

organisms travel to vesical venous plexus and live there, laying eggs

  • terminal hematuria
  • dysuria
  • frequent urination
  • pyelo
  • ## squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
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17
Q

schistosoma mansoni

and

schistosoma japonicum

A

intestinal schistosomiasis

sub-sahara, middle east, south america, caribbean

organism stravel to mesenteric venules of intestine

  • diarrhea/abd pain
  • intestinal ulceration –> iron def anemia

Hepatic Schistosomiasis

  • HSM
  • periportal fibrosis and subsequent portal HTN
18
Q

gonorrhea tx

A

ctx
or
fluuroquiniflone

19
Q

chlamydia tx

A

azithromycin x 1d
or
doxycycline x multiple days

20
Q

Pseudomonas therapy

A

1) PCN: ticarcillin, piperacillin

2) Cephalosporins: ceftazidime (3rd gen)
cefepime (4th gen)

3) aminoglycosides
amikacin
gentamicin
tobramycin

4) fluoroquinolones
cipro
levo

5) monobactams
aztreonam

6) carbapenems
imipenem
meropenem

21
Q

legionella clinical and lab features

A

facultative intracellular GN bacilli

neuro, GI, pulm sxs’s

  • hyponatremia
  • sputum showing many neutrophils but few organisms
  • fever and bradycardia
  • h/a and confusion
22
Q

HIV gp41 protein action

A

needed for MB fusion and entry of HIV genome into target

23
Q

HIV gp120 protein action

A

viral envelope protein tha tmediates attachment to CD4 MB

24
Q

Enterobius vermicularis life cycle and where if affects

dx

A

pinworm
adults live in intestine (cecum, appendix)… female migrates to perianal skin to deposit eggs

scotch tape test –> flattened eggs w/bean-shaped apperance

25
Q

Vibrio cholerae

1) oxidase: + or -
2) GN or GP
3) shape?
4) alkaline medium: grow or no grow
5) mechanism of its toxin
6) leukocytes and erythrocytes?
7) which e. coli is similar with

A

1) oxidase +
2) GN
3) comma shaped rods
4) can grow
5) incresaes cAMP –> efflux of NaCl from intestinal epithelia
6) neither b/c they don’t invade mucosa or cause enteric death
7) ETEC

26
Q

Salmonella enteritidis

- stool microscopy shows what cell profile?

A

many leukocytes
neutrophils prominant

(invasive diarrhea w/out hemorrhage)

27
Q

cause of diarrhea with peripheral eosinophilia

A

strongyloides

28
Q

Invading diarrhea organisms

A
  1. EIEC
  2. shigella

many erythrocytes and some leukocytes

29
Q

Mycolic acids

  • what are they
  • what organisms rely on them
A
  • long branched saturated FA’s w/about 90 C’s

- Mycobacterium … it’s what makes them “acid fast”

30
Q

Enterococci can develop resistance to what abx? ((5)

A
  1. PCN
  2. PCNase-resistant PCN
  3. aminoglycosides
  4. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
  5. vanco
31
Q

how does enterococci acquire resistance to aminoglycosides?

- how is it acquired?

A
  • they produce aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes that transfer chemical groups (acetyl, adenyl, phosphate) to the abx outside of the bacterium –> prevents them from binding to ribosomes
  • plasmids or transposons, not by chromosome
32
Q

how does enterococci acquire resistance to PCN? (2)

A
  1. beta-lactamase

2. low-affinity PCN binding protein

33
Q

how does enterococci acquire resistance to vanco?

how is it acquired?

A
  • they acquire ligases that alter D-alanylD-alanine cell-wall precursors to D-alanineD-lacate –> prevents vanco from binding to cell wall
  • plasmids/transposons
34
Q

how does enterococci acquire resistance to tetracycline? (2)

A
  1. synthesis of protein that allows ribosomes to do translation despite abx
  2. increased drug efflux
35
Q

how does enterococci acquire resistance to fluoroquinolone?

A

mutantions in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase

36
Q

some obligate organisms

divided into obligate intracellular and facultative intracellular organisms

A

obligate: Chlamydia and Rickettsiae
facultative: legionella, listeria, mycobacterium, neisseria, salmonella

37
Q

some exotoxin producing ones (5)

A
  • staph enterotoxins
  • botulinum
  • diphtheria
  • tetanus
  • pertussis
38
Q

staph epidermidis

A

coagulase negative staph species

good at making biofilms

39
Q

Central or South American pt w/achalasia

  • how does it do damage
  • what else can it cause
A

Trypanosoma cruzi
- neurotoxin that destroys myenteric plexus that causes intramural, parasympathetic denervation or smooth muscle

  • chagas
40
Q

CMV infections commonly affect where? (5)

A
  1. retinitis
  2. esophagitis
  3. pna
  4. hepatitis
  5. diarrhea
41
Q

Isospora belli causes what

A

chronic, watery, profuse diarrhea in immunocompromised pts

Step 1 Andre (42 decks)

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