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Disease and Defense > Microbial Toxins and Antimicrobial Resistance > Flashcards

Microbial Toxins and Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

_____ activates membrane-associated guanylate cyclase activity

A

Heat-stable enterotoxin (E coli)

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2
Q

_____ are hybrid molecules that have a toxin fragment and an altered receptor-binding domain that is used to target a specific population of cells (Ex. tumor cells)

A

Immunotoxin

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3
Q

_____ increase intracellular cAMP and ____ increase intracellular cGMP

A

Heat-labile enterotoxin (Vibrio cholerae and E coli), pertussis toxin, Anthrax edema factor, and adenylate cyclase toxin; Heat-Stable enterotoxin (E coli)

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4
Q

_____ is an endopeptidase that cleaves several MAP kinase kinases and inactivates their function in signal transduction

A

Anthrax Lethal factor

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5
Q

______ alter actin cytoskeleton by transferring glucose to Rho GTPases (inactivating them)

A

Clostridium Difficile Toxins A and B

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6
Q

______ can inactivate specific SNARE proteins required for neuroexocytosis

A

Zinc-dependent endopeptidase

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7
Q

______ causes flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles by inhibiting acetylcholine release

A

Botulinum toxin

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8
Q

______ inhibit Gi and increase membrane-associated adenylate cyclase activity

A

Pertussis

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9
Q

______ remove an adenine residue from 28S rRNA, which inhibits the ribosome and protein synthesis

A

Shiga toxin, ricin

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10
Q

_______ activate Gs and increase membrane-associated adenylate cyclase activity

A

Heat labile-enterotoxin (Vibrio cholerae and E coli)

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11
Q

_______ are adenylate cyclases that enter cells and increase cAMP (require activation by calmodulin and calcium).

A

Anthrax edema factor and adenylate cyclase toxin

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12
Q

_______ causes sustained muscular contraction (spastic paralysis) of skeletal muscles by inhibiting release of neurotransmitters from inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord

A

Tetanus toxin

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13
Q

_______ inhibit EF-2 via ADP-ribosylation, which inhibits protein synthesis

A

Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A

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14
Q

Altered PBPs (2), organism, affected drug class

A

mecA (Staphylococci) and Mosaic PBPs (Strep pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae); Beta-lactams

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15
Q

AmpC Beta-lactamase differs from narrow and extended spectrum beta-lactamases in that it is ______. Found in _______.

A

Not affected by Beta-lactamase inhibitors; Enterobacter and Pseudomonas (c)

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16
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ is intrinsic in anaerobic bacteria that do not have a necessary electrochemical gradient for drug molecules to enter

A

Aminoglycosides

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17
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs via dimethylation of 23S rRNA.

A

Macrolides

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18
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs via methylation of the 16S rRNA.

A

Aminoglycosides

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19
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs via mutations in the QRDR.

A

Quinolones

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20
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs with constitutive expression of erm; this drug does not induce erm

A

Clindamycin

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21
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to ______ occurs due to the ___ gene which expresses ______ ribosome methylase

A

Macrolides; erm; erythromycin

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22
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to ______ occurs via a change in the terminal five-member peptide in peptidoglycan (Organism: ______)

A

Vancomycin; enterococcus

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23
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to ______ occurs via N-acetylation, O-phosphorylation, or O-nucleotidylation of the drug

A

Aminoglycosides

24
Q

Bla is a narrow spectrum beta-lactamase, most commonly found in _______.

A

Staphylococci

25
Q

Carbapenemases: plasmid vs. chromosome, drug resistance, organism

A

plasmid; All beta-lactams and carbapenems; Klebsiella

26
Q

Carbapenemases (2)

A

Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) and New Delhi Metallobetalactamase-1 (NDM-1)

27
Q

Common methods of resistance that decrease drug access to target (2)

A

Porins, efflux pumps

28
Q

CTX-1 is a/an ______ spectrum beta-lactamase, mostly found in ______.

A

extended; E. coli

29
Q

Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases (2), plasmid vs. chromosome, drug resistance

A

CTX-M (p) and SHV-type (p); PCNs, ampicillin, and Cephalosporins

30
Q

Inducible genes conferring resistance

A

AmpC (PCNs, ampicillin, and cephalosporins) and erm (macrolides and clindamycin)

31
Q

Lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria may be referred to as _____ due to association with cells.

A

Endotoxin

32
Q

Macromolecular products of microbes that cause harm to susceptible animals by altering cellular structure or function

A

Microbial Toxins

33
Q

Mechanims of microbicidal action (3)

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis, Disrupt cell membrane, Interfere with DNA function/synthesis

34
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: adenylate cyclase toxin

A

Modify intracellular pathways

35
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Anthrax edema factor and lethal factor

A

Modify intracellular pathways

36
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Botulinum and Tetanus

A

Inhibit neurotransmitter release

37
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B

A

Modify intracellular pathways

38
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomona aueruginosa exotoxin A

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

39
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Heat-labile enterotoxin (Vibrio cholerae and E coli)

A

Modify intracellular pathways

40
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST-I of E coli)

A

Modify intracellular pathways

41
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: hemolysins

A

Damage cell membranes

42
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: hyaluronidase, collagenase, elastase

A

Facilitate microbe spread through tissue

43
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: pertussis toxin

A

Modify intracellular pathways

44
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: pyrogenic exotoxins, including enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)

A

Stimulate cytokine production

45
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Shiga toxin, ricin

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

46
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: superantigens

A

Stimulate cytokine production

47
Q

Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Zinc-dependent endopeptidase

A

Inhibit neurotransmitter release

48
Q

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (3)

A

Change in target, change in access to target, Drug inactivation/modification

49
Q

Mechanisms of antimicrobial selective toxicity (4)

A

Different metabolic pathway, Different enzyme structures, non-existent structural feature, different structural feature

50
Q

Mechanisms of microbial toxin action (6)

A

Facilitate microbe spread through tissue, damage cell membranes, stimulate cytokine production, Inhibit protein synthesis, modify intracellular pathways, inhibit neurotransmitter release

51
Q

Mechanisms of microbiostatic action (2)

A

Inhibit protein synthesis, Inhibit metabolic pathways

52
Q

Mechansms of Beta-lactam resistance (2)

A

Modification of PBP, Modification by Beta-lactamases

53
Q

Narrow spectrum Beta-lactamases (3), plasmid vs. chromosome, and drug resistance

A

Bla (p), TEM-1 (p), SHV-1 (c); PCNs and ampicillin

54
Q

Renal dosing required (6)

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbamazepines, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones

55
Q

SHV-1 is a/an _______ spectrum beta-lactamase, most commonly found in _______.

A

narrow; Klebsiella pnuemoniae

56
Q

SHV-type are _______ spectrum beta-lactamases, mostly found in ______.

A

extended; Klebsiella pneumonia

57
Q

TEM-1 is a/an _______ spectrum beta-lactamase, most commonly found in _______.

A

narrow; E. coli and H. influenzae

Disease and Defense (16 decks)

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